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Dermatology > Moles > Flashcards

Moles Flashcards

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Dermatology Board Prep flashcards
1
Q

When looking at moles or lesions, what system would you use to assess the area?

A 
A-E approach
A - Asymmetry 
B - Border
C - Colour
D - Darkness
E - Evolution
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2
Q

What is the clinical name for a mole?

A

Melanocytic Naevus

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3
Q

What is the mole composed of?

A

Melanocytes that lie in the basal layer of the epidermis and within the dermis

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4
Q

What should you do when assessing a patient’s moles?

A

Always look for the ugly duckling - the odd one out

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5
Q

When assessing a suspicious looking mole, how do we examine the patient after conducting a full body skin assessment?

A

Look for any routes of metastases.

  • localised: cutaneous/subcutaneous around the mole site
  • Regional: lymphadenopathy
  • Distant: hepato or spleno- megaly
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6
Q

What is the first line of management when dealing with a mole that represents a high clinical suspicion for malignant melanoma?

A

Excision of the lesion with a narrow margin of normal skin - this is to be done URGENTLY within the same day or week of assessment

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7
Q

What percentage of melanomas develop in pre-existing moles?

A

50%

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8
Q

How many people are diagnosed with melanoma annually in the UK?

A

16,000

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9
Q

At what age does melanoma become more prevalent?

A

Over 75

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10
Q

What percentage of melanomas are caused by too much UV radiation?

A

85%

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11
Q

What are the risk factors for developing melanoma?

A
  1. Short periods of strong UV exposure (regular holidaying in hot countries)
  2. People who have had sunburn - If you have sunburn several times in your life you are more likely to develop melanoma
  3. Sunbed use - particularly before the age of 35
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12
Q

What directly increases the risk of melanoma?

A

The more moles you have, the more likely you are to develop melanoma

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13
Q

What chronic health condition increases the risk of developing melanoma?

A

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)

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14
Q

Weakened immunity may be a risk factor for developing melanoma, what are some causes of a weakened immune system?

A
  1. HIV infection
  2. Immunosuppressant use
  3. Post organ-transplant
  4. Chemotherapy use
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15
Q

What is the Breslow Thickness?

A

The distance in mm from the granular layer in the epidermis to the deepest level on invasion in the dermis.

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16
Q

What is the pathophysiology of melanoma?

A

Melanin gives skin its colour. It is within the epidermis. When exposed to UV radiation, DNA damage can occur within the melanin cells that mutates and results in uncontrolled cellular growth.

17
Q

What are the 2 types of melanin?

A
  1. Eumelanin - protective and gives skin a tan to protect against UV
  2. Pheomelanin
18
Q

Why are people with darker skin less likely to develop melanoma?

A

They have more eumelanin than pheomelanin. This is a protective factor

19
Q

There are many types of melanoma, describe the following; Superficial Spreading Melanoma

A

This melanoma tends to spread outwards rather than downwards into the deep skin layers

20
Q

Where is the most common site of melanoma in a woman?

A

The lower limb

21
Q

Where is superficial spreading melanoma more common on a male?

A

On the chest and abdomen (trunk)

22
Q

Superficial spreading melanoma is the most common type of skin cancer, what percentage of melanomas are of this type?

A

60-70%

23
Q

There are many types of melanoma, describe the following; Nodular melanoma

A

This type of melanoma grows downwards into the deeper layer of the skin. It can grow rapidly

24
Q

What is the 2nd most common type of melanoma?

A

Nodular melanoma

25
Q

There are many types of melanoma, describe the following; Lentigo maligna melanoma

A

This type of melanoma is very slow growing a develops from patches of skin called lentigo maligna or Hutchinson’s melanotic freckle.
Lentigo maligna is a flat and outward growing freckle that may get bigger and change colour over time. When it becomes a melanoma it may start to grow deeper and become nodular.

26
Q

Where is the most common site for lentigo maligna melanoma?

A

The face or anywhere that gets the most sun exposure

27
Q

There are many types of melanoma, describe the following; Amelanotic melanoma

A

These are red or skin coloured melanomas as they lack melanin

28
Q

There are many types of melanoma, describe the following; Acral lentiginous melanoma

A

It can grow under nails but it only found on the hands or feet.

29
Q

In regards to melanoma, describe the following T stage; Tis

A

Melanoma in situ

30
Q

In regards to melanoma, describe the following T stage; T0

A

No melanoma cells can be seen where the melanoma started

31
Q

In regards to melanoma, describe the following T stage; T1a

A

The melanoma is <0.8mm thick and the skin appears to not be ulcerated under the microscope

32
Q

In regards to melanoma, describe the following T stage; T1b

A
  • The skin is ulcerated and the melanoma is <0.8mm thick

- The skin may or may not be ulcerated but is between 0.8-1.0mm thick

33
Q

In regards to melanoma, describe the following T stage; T2

A

The melanoma is between 1mm and 2mm thick

34
Q

In regards to melanoma, describe the following T stage; T3

A

The melanoma is between 2mm and 4mm thick

35
Q

In regards to melanoma, describe the following T stage; T4

A

The melanoma is >4mm thick

36
Q

What does a and b mean for stage T2, T3 and T4?

A

a - not ulcerated

b - ulcerated

Dermatology (8 decks)

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