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BIOLOGY Y1 > molecules of life N > Flashcards

molecules of life N Flashcards

1
Q

amino acid

A

a monomer which makes up protein
has a central carbon atom bonded to a carboxylic acid group, an amino group a hydrogen atom and an R group

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2
Q

condensation reaction

A

a chemical procss when two monomers combine to form a polymer eliminating a simple substance - usually water

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3
Q

covalent bond

A

bond between two non metals that share a pair of electrons

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4
Q

hydrolysis

A

breaking down of large molecules into smaller ones by the addition of water molecules

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5
Q

monomer

A

a single unit which is used to form larger more complex molecules

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6
Q

nucleotide

A

a compound consisting of an organic base and ribose sugar linked to a phosphate group

they form monomers of nucleic acids such as dna

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7
Q

organic molecule

A

molecules containing carbon which can be found in living things
- carbohydrates
- proteins
- lipids
- nucleic acids

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8
Q

what elements are common to all forms of life

A

carbon, oxygen and hydrogen

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9
Q

3 examples of polymers

A

polysaccarides
protein
dna/rna

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10
Q

3 hexos monosaccarides

A

glucose
fructose
galactos

all have molecular formula : C6H12O6

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11
Q

type of bond formed when monosaccarides react

A

1-4or 1-6 glycosidic bonds

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12
Q

3 disaccarides and how they form + their molecular formula

A
  • glucose + glucose = maltose
  • glucose + galactose = lactose
  • lucose + fructose = sucrose

all have molecular formula C12H22011

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13
Q

molecular formula of sucros / maltose/ lactose

A

C12H22O11

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14
Q

3 things

starch

A
  • storage molecule of alpha glucose in plant cells
  • insouluble - so osmotic effect in cells
  • large - does not diffuse out of cells
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15
Q

2 properties of starch and their uses

A
  • large - so it doesnt diffuse out of plant cells
  • insoluble - so no osmotic effect in cells
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16
Q

amylose

A
  • 1-4 glycosidic bonds
  • long unbranched chain of alpha glucose
  • coiled shape with intermolecular h bonds making it compact

found in starch

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17
Q

amylopectin

A
  • 1-4 and 1-6 glycosidic bonds
  • branched - increases surface area for enzyme action for hydrolysis into glucose - glucose can be released fast

found in starch

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18
Q

5 things

glycogen

A
  • main storage molecule of glucose in animals - also found in plants
  • 1-4 and 1-6 glycosidic bonds
  • insoluble - no osmatic effect
  • coiled shape with intermolecular hydrogen bonds - compact
  • branched - many terminal ends increase surface area for hydrolysis
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19
Q

why is cellulose needed in cell walls

A

prevents bursting under turgor pressure and holds up stem

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20
Q

4 things

cellulose

A
  • polymer of beta glucose which reinforces cell walls
  • 1-4 glycosidic bonds
  • cellulose chains linked by H bonds forming microfibrils
  • H bonds between cellulose chains make microfibrils strong and flexible
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21
Q

uses of starch

A

storage molecule for excess glucose in plants as it is too large to exit cell and insoluble so wont effect water potential

starch is hydrolised to release glucose for respiration

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22
Q

uses of cellulose

A

major structoral component in plant cells allowing cells to become turgid and providing support

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23
Q

uses of glycogen

A

used to store excess glucose in muscle and liver cells which can be used as an energy source when hydrolised to release glucose for respiration (i.e during exercise)

24
Q

test for starch

25
iodine test
* tests for starch * add**iodine dissolved in potassium iodide** to sample * if starch present change from **browny orange - bluey black**
26
why is being insoluble good for storage
-doesnt affect water potential so water doesnt enter cells via osmosis causing them to swell
27
Glycerol
a molecule which combines 3 fatty acids to form triglycerides its a 3 carbon chain with 3 hydrocyl groups
28
hydrophillic
section of a molecule attracted to water
29
hydrophobic
section of molecule repulsed by water
30
31
Test for lipids
- Dissolve solid sample in ethanol - add equal volume of water and shake - positive - milky white emulsion
32
How triglycerides form
Condensation reaction between 1 glycerol & 3 fatty acids forms ester bonds
33
Compare saturate and unsaturated fatty acids
**saturated** - contain only single bonds - straight chain molecules - higher melt point - solid at room temp - found in animal fats **unsaturated** - contain c=c double bonds - kinked molecules - have fewer contact points - found in plant oils
34
How is the structure of triglycerides good for their function
- high energy - mass ratio = high calorific value - energy storage - insoluble hydrocarbon chain - no effect on water potential + used for water proofing - slow conductor of heat = thermal insulation - less dense than water - buoyancy of aquatic animals
35
Structure of phospholipids
Glycerol backbone attached to 2 hydrophobic fatty acid tails and 1 hydrophilic phosphate head
36
How is structure of phospholipids used
- forms phosopholipid bilayer in water - component of membranes - tails can splay outward for waterproofing
37
What type of molecules lipids
Macromolecules - not polymers
38
Why is water a polar molecule
- o is more electronegative than H so attracts e- more strongly - o is slightly negative charge - h has a slightly positive charge
39
Properties of water
- metabolite - high specific heat - high latent heat - strong cohesion - solvent
40
Why and is water important to living organisms
- solvent during metabolic reactions - hydrolysis And condensation - enables temperature management in organisms - cohesion in transpiration stream
41
Why and is water important to living organisms
- solvent during metabolic reactions - hydrolysis And condensation - enables temperature management in organisms - cohesion in transpiration stream
42
What molecules in glucose bond in a condensation reaction
Two OH bond to form H20 leaving one oxygen for the glycosidic bond
43
Example of a non reducing sugar
Sucrose
44
Reducing sugar
Sugar that can be used as a reducing agent includes all monosaccharides and some disaccharides
45
Non reducing sugar
Sugar that can’t be used as a reducing agent I.e sucrose
46
Example of reducing sugar
Any monosaccharide (some disaccharides I.e maltose)
47
Test for reducing sugars
Benedict’s
48
Method to test for reducing sugars
- add 2cm³ of food sample in liquid form or aqueous - add 2cm³ of Benedict’s reagent (copper II sulphate) - heat in a water bath for five minutes - positive - a brick red precipitate will form ( or orange / yellow/ green) - negative - solution will remain blue and no precipitate will form
49
Test for non reducing sugars
- add 2cm³ of dilute hcl to food sample and place test tube in a water bath for 5 minutes so it can hydrolyse the disaccharides and polysaccharides - add an alkali ( I.e sodium hydrogen carbonate) to neutralise the solution as Benedict’s won’t work in acidic conditions - use ph paper to ensure it’s neutralised - add 2cm³ of Benedict’s (copper II sulphate) - if positive a brick red precipitate forms
50
Benedict’s reagent
- Copper II sulphate - used to test for reducing sugars - don’t work in acidic conditions
51
Maltose
Disaccharide of aplastic glucose x2
52
Sucrose
Disaccharide of glucose and fructose Non reducing sugar
53
lactose
Disaccharide of galactose and glucose
54
Glycogen
- polysaccharide of alpha glucose - main energy storage molecule in animals - 1,4 and 1,6 glycosidic bonds - branched with many terminal ends increasing surface area for reactions (I.e hydrolysis) - compact - maximising amount of energy that can be stored - insoluble so won’t affect the water potential no osmotic effect
55
Starch
- polysaccharide of alpha glucose - formed by amylose (unbranched) and amylopectin (branched) - 1,4 and 1,6 glycosidic bonds - compact so it can be transported easily and more energy can be stored in a small space - insoluble solution don’t affect water potential so don’t diffuse out

BIOLOGY Y1 (2 decks)

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