Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

BIOLOGY Y1 > molecules of life N > Flashcards

molecules of life N Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

amino acid

A

a monomer which makes up protein
has a central carbon atom bonded to a carboxylic acid group, an amino group a hydrogen atom and an R group

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

condensation reaction

A

a chemical procss when two monomers combine to form a polymer eliminating a simple substance - usually water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

covalent bond

A

bond between two non metals that share a pair of electrons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

hydrolysis

A

breaking down of large molecules into smaller ones by the addition of water molecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

monomer

A

a single unit which is used to form larger more complex molecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

nucleotide

A

a compound consisting of an organic base and ribose sugar linked to a phosphate group

they form monomers of nucleic acids such as dna

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

organic molecule

A

molecules containing carbon which can be found in living things
- carbohydrates
- proteins
- lipids
- nucleic acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what elements are common to all forms of life

A

carbon, oxygen and hydrogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

3 examples of polymers

A

polysaccarides
protein
dna/rna

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

3 hexos monosaccarides

A

glucose
fructose
galactos

all have molecular formula : C6H12O6

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

type of bond formed when monosaccarides react

A

1-4or 1-6 glycosidic bonds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

3 disaccarides and how they form + their molecular formula

A
  • glucose + glucose = maltose
  • glucose + galactose = lactose
  • lucose + fructose = sucrose

all have molecular formula C12H22011

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

molecular formula of sucros / maltose/ lactose

A

C12H22O11

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

3 things

starch

A
  • storage molecule of alpha glucose in plant cells
  • insouluble - so osmotic effect in cells
  • large - does not diffuse out of cells
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

2 properties of starch and their uses

A
  • large - so it doesnt diffuse out of plant cells
  • insoluble - so no osmotic effect in cells
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

amylose

A
  • 1-4 glycosidic bonds
  • long unbranched chain of alpha glucose
  • coiled shape with intermolecular h bonds making it compact

found in starch

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

amylopectin

A
  • 1-4 and 1-6 glycosidic bonds
  • branched - increases surface area for enzyme action for hydrolysis into glucose - glucose can be released fast

found in starch

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

5 things

glycogen

A
  • main storage molecule of glucose in animals - also found in plants
  • 1-4 and 1-6 glycosidic bonds
  • insoluble - no osmatic effect
  • coiled shape with intermolecular hydrogen bonds - compact
  • branched - many terminal ends increase surface area for hydrolysis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

why is cellulose needed in cell walls

A

prevents bursting under turgor pressure and holds up stem

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

4 things

cellulose

A
  • polymer of beta glucose which reinforces cell walls
  • 1-4 glycosidic bonds
  • cellulose chains linked by H bonds forming microfibrils
  • H bonds between cellulose chains make microfibrils strong and flexible
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

uses of starch

A

storage molecule for excess glucose in plants as it is too large to exit cell and insoluble so wont effect water potential

starch is hydrolised to release glucose for respiration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

uses of cellulose

A

major structoral component in plant cells allowing cells to become turgid and providing support

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

uses of glycogen

A

used to store excess glucose in muscle and liver cells which can be used as an energy source when hydrolised to release glucose for respiration (i.e during exercise)

24
Q

test for starch

A

iodine

25
Q

iodine test

A
  • tests for starch
  • addiodine dissolved in potassium iodide to sample
  • if starch present change from browny orange - bluey black
26
Q

why is being insoluble good for storage

A

-doesnt affect water potential so water doesnt enter cells via osmosis causing them to swell

27
Q

Glycerol

A

a molecule which combines 3 fatty acids to form triglycerides

its a 3 carbon chain with 3 hydrocyl groups

28
Q

hydrophillic

A

section of a molecule attracted to water

29
Q

hydrophobic

A

section of molecule repulsed by water

30
Q
A
31
Q

Test for lipids

A
  • Dissolve solid sample in ethanol
  • add equal volume of water and shake
  • positive - milky white emulsion
32
Q

How triglycerides form

A

Condensation reaction between 1 glycerol & 3 fatty acids forms ester bonds

33
Q

Compare saturate and unsaturated fatty acids

A

saturated
- contain only single bonds
- straight chain molecules
- higher melt point - solid at room temp
- found in animal fats

unsaturated
- contain c=c double bonds
- kinked molecules - have fewer contact points
- found in plant oils

34
Q

How is the structure of triglycerides good for their function

A
  • high energy - mass ratio = high calorific value - energy storage
  • insoluble hydrocarbon chain - no effect on water potential + used for water proofing
  • slow conductor of heat = thermal insulation
  • less dense than water - buoyancy of aquatic animals
35
Q

Structure of phospholipids

A

Glycerol backbone attached to 2 hydrophobic fatty acid tails and 1 hydrophilic phosphate head

36
Q

How is structure of phospholipids used

A
  • forms phosopholipid bilayer in water - component of membranes
  • tails can splay outward for waterproofing
37
Q

What type of molecules lipids

A

Macromolecules - not polymers

38
Q

Why is water a polar molecule

A
  • o is more electronegative than H so attracts e- more strongly
  • o is slightly negative charge
  • h has a slightly positive charge
39
Q

Properties of water

A
  • metabolite
  • high specific heat
  • high latent heat
  • strong cohesion
  • solvent
40
Q

Why and is water important to living organisms

A
  • solvent during metabolic reactions - hydrolysis
    And condensation
  • enables temperature management in organisms
  • cohesion in transpiration stream
41
Q

Why and is water important to living organisms

A
  • solvent during metabolic reactions - hydrolysis
    And condensation
  • enables temperature management in organisms
  • cohesion in transpiration stream
42
Q

What molecules in glucose bond in a condensation reaction

A

Two OH bond to form H20 leaving one oxygen for the glycosidic bond

43
Q

Example of a non reducing sugar

A

Sucrose

44
Q

Reducing sugar

A

Sugar that can be used as a reducing agent includes all monosaccharides and some disaccharides

45
Q

Non reducing sugar

A

Sugar that can’t be used as a reducing agent I.e sucrose

46
Q

Example of reducing sugar

A

Any monosaccharide (some disaccharides I.e maltose)

47
Q

Test for reducing sugars

A

Benedict’s

48
Q

Method to test for reducing sugars

A
  • add 2cm³ of food sample in liquid form or aqueous
  • add 2cm³ of Benedict’s reagent (copper II sulphate)
  • heat in a water bath for five minutes
  • positive - a brick red precipitate will form ( or orange / yellow/ green)
  • negative - solution will remain blue and no precipitate will form
49
Q

Test for non reducing sugars

A
  • add 2cm³ of dilute hcl to food sample and place test tube in a water bath for 5 minutes so it can hydrolyse the disaccharides and polysaccharides
  • add an alkali ( I.e sodium hydrogen carbonate) to neutralise the solution as Benedict’s won’t work in acidic conditions
  • use ph paper to ensure it’s neutralised
  • add 2cm³ of Benedict’s (copper II sulphate)
  • if positive a brick red precipitate forms
50
Q

Benedict’s reagent

A
  • Copper II sulphate
  • used to test for reducing sugars
  • don’t work in acidic conditions
51
Q

Maltose

A

Disaccharide of aplastic glucose x2

52
Q

Sucrose

A

Disaccharide of glucose and fructose
Non reducing sugar

53
Q

lactose

A

Disaccharide of galactose and glucose

54
Q

Glycogen

A
  • polysaccharide of alpha glucose
  • main energy storage molecule in animals
  • 1,4 and 1,6 glycosidic bonds
  • branched with many terminal ends increasing surface area for reactions (I.e hydrolysis)
  • compact - maximising amount of energy that can be stored
  • insoluble so won’t affect the water potential no osmotic effect
55
Q

Starch

A
  • polysaccharide of alpha glucose
  • formed by amylose (unbranched) and amylopectin (branched)
  • 1,4 and 1,6 glycosidic bonds
  • compact so it can be transported easily and more energy can be stored in a small space
  • insoluble solution don’t affect water potential so don’t diffuse out

BIOLOGY Y1 (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions