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Biology SAT pt1 > Molecules of Biology > Flashcards

Molecules of Biology Flashcards

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1
Q

Atom

A

fundamental uni of the physical world

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2
Q

<p>Molecule</p>

A

Combination of two or more individual Atom

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3
Q

<p>Compound</p>

A

Molecule containing different Atoms

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4
Q

<p>Element</p>

A

Molecule containing single type of Atom

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5
Q

<p>Reactants</p>

A

In chemical reaction, molecules or atoms interacting are called reactants / left side of the arrow

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6
Q

<p>Products</p>

A

Result of reactants interactions / right side of the arrow

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7
Q

<p>Organic</p>

A

Molecules and compounds containing Carbon(C)

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8
Q

<p>Inorganic</p>

A

Molecules that doesn’t contain Carbon(C). Exemption: carbon dioxide(CO2) is inorganic

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9
Q

<p>Four important types of organic molecules</p>

A

Proteins, Carbohydrates, Lipids and Nucleic Acids

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10
Q

<p>Macromolecules</p>

A

Large molecules: proteins, carbohydrates, lipids and nucleic acids

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11
Q

<p>Polymer</p>

A

<p>String of repeated units</p>

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12
Q

<p>Monomer</p>

A

<p>Individual units of polymer</p>

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13
Q

<p>Proteins</p>

A

<p>Polymers of Amino Acids</p>

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14
Q

<p>Amino Acid</p>

A

<p>monomer that makes up protein</p>

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15
Q

<p>How many different Amino Acids are there</p>

A

<p>20</p>

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16
Q

<p>Amino group</p>

A

<p>NH2</p>

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17
Q

<p>Double bond</p>

A

<p>A double bond is a type of chemical bond in which two electron pairs are shared between two atoms</p>

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18
Q

<p>Carboxyl group</p>

A

<p>The carboxyl group is an organic, functional group consisting of a carbon atom that's double-bonded to an oxygen atom and singly bonded to a hydroxyl group</p>

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19
Q

<p>The R-group</p>

A

<p>Fourth bond on the central carbon atom in amino acid which give the characteristics</p>

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20
Q

<p>Dehydration Synthesis Reaction</p>

A

<p>Common reaction for building things is remove two hydrogens and one oxygen(H2O), after that bond is formed called Peptide bond</p>

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21
Q

<p>Peptide Bond</p>

A

<p>Bond between Amino Acids, formed by dehydration synthesis</p>

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22
Q

<p>Hydration Reaction</p>

A

<p>Peptide bonds are broken by adding H2O molecule</p>

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23
Q

<p>Hydrolysis</p>

A

<p>Breaking peptide bonds with H2O</p>

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24
Q

<p>Dipeptide</p>

A

<p>Two amino acids forms a dipeptide</p>

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25
Q

<p>Polypeptide</p>

A

<p>More than two amino acids forms polypeptide</p>

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26
Q

<p>Primary structure</p>

A

<p>Proteins can have four levels of structure: linear sequence of the amino acids is called the primary structure of a protein</p>

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27
Q

<p>Secondary structures</p>

A

<p>Polypeptides begins to twist, form either a coil(alpha Helix) or zigzagging pattern(beta-pleated sheets). These are example of proteins secondary structures</p>

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28
Q

<p>Tertiary structure</p>

A

<p>Secondary structures interact with eachother and form tertiary structure</p>

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29
Q

<p>Quaternary structure</p>

A

<p>Several different polypeptide chains interact and form quarternary structure</p>

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30
Q

<p>Chaperone proteins, chaperonins</p>

A

<p>Helps proteins to fold correctly</p>

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31
Q

<p>Monomer of carbohydrate</p>

A

<p>Single Saccharide</p>

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32
Q

<p>Carbohydrate, consists of:</p>

A

<p>carbon, oxygen, hydrogen</p>

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33
Q

<p>Monosaccharide</p>

A

<p>group of carbohydrates</p>

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34
Q

<p>What ratio is C H O in carbonhydrate?</p>

A

<p>1:2:1</p>

35
Q

<p>Glucose</p>

A

<p>Monosaccharide</p>

36
Q

<p>Fructose</p>

A

<p>Monosaccharide</p>

37
Q

<p>Disaccharide</p>

A

<p>Two monosaccharides links together: maltose and sucrose</p>

38
Q

<p>Maltose</p>

A

<p>Disaccharide</p>

39
Q

<p>Sucrose</p>

A

<p>Disaccharide</p>

40
Q

<p>Polysaccharides</p>

A

<p>Number of monosaccharides joined together exceeds two. Three to know for test: glycogen, starch, cellulose</p>

41
Q

<p>Glycogen</p>

A

<p>Polysaccharide, polymers of glucose, form in which animals/humas store glucosse</p>

42
Q

<p>Starch</p>

A

<p>Polysaccharide, polymers of glucose, form in which plants store glucose</p>

43
Q

<p>Cellulose</p>

A

<p>Polysaccharide, polymers of glucose, structural polysaccharide that forms plant's cell walls</p>

44
Q

<p>Lipids</p>

A

<p>Fats, monomer for lipid Hydrocarbon</p>

45
Q

<p>Hydrocarbon</p>

A

<p>monomer for lipid</p>

46
Q

<p>Hydrophobic</p>

A

<p>Nonpolar, doesn't act well with water, scared of water</p>

47
Q

<p>Three most common forms in which lipids are found in body</p>

A

<p>Triglycerides, phospholipids, cholesterol</p>

48
Q

<p>Triglyceride</p>

A

<p>Lipid, consists of three fatty acids bonded to glycerol molecule. Most of food consumed are in the form of triglyceride</p>

49
Q

<p>Phospholipids</p>

A

<p>Lipid, almost like triglyceride, except one fatty acid chain is replaced with a phosphate group. Phosphate group is hydrophilic(can interact with water), is polar</p>

50
Q

<p>Amphiphatic</p>

A

<p>Molecule that is both polar and nonpolar. Phospholipids are polar on phosphate end and nonpolar on fatty acid end</p>

51
Q

<p>Lipid bilayer</p>

A

<p>Double layer of phospholipids, make cell membranes</p>

52
Q

<p>Cholesterol</p>

A

<p>Forms in rings, found only in animal cells, in cell membranes along with phospholipids. Additionally all the steroid hormones in the body(example estrogen, testosterone and progesterone) are derived form cholesterol</p>

53
Q

<p>Nucleic acid macromolecule</p>

A

<p>DNA(deoxyribonucleic acid), RNA(ribonucleic acid), found in nucleus of the cell(nucleic), polynucleotides. Made from sugar, a phosphate and a base</p>

54
Q

<p>Monomer of nucleic acid</p>

A

<p>Nucleotide</p>

55
Q

<p>Nucleotide bases(DNA)</p>

A

<p>Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, Thymine</p>

56
Q

<p>Double Helix</p>

A

<p>Long twisted ladder of dna molecule pairs</p>

57
Q

<p>Who founded DNA structure?</p>

A

<p>Watson, Crick and Frankil 1953</p>

58
Q

<p>DNA Base pairs</p>

A

<p>Adenine and Thymine, Cytosine and Guanine</p>

59
Q

<p>How are DNA strands linked?</p>

A

Hydrogen bonds

60
Q

<p>Are the DNA strands antiparallel?</p>

A

Yes

61
Q

Hydrogen bonds

A

Holds dna strands together, two for A-T, three for C-G

62
Q

Gene

A

Stertch of DNA, contains code to make something

63
Q

Genome

A

All of species DNA

64
Q

Chromosome

A

Each separate chunk of DNA in genome

65
Q

Histone

A

Proteins, DNA wrapped around them

66
Q

Nucleosome

A

Histones bunched together forming Nucleosome

67
Q

Euchromatin

A

Generic material in loose form inside nucleus

68
Q

Heterochromatin

A

When euchromatin is fully condensed into coils

69
Q

DNA replication

A

Copying of DNA: 1st step unwinding the double helix by breaking hydrogen bonds: with enzyme Helicase 2nd step: DNA strands now form y-shaped Replication fork

70
Q

Helicase

A

Enzym that breaks hydrogen bonds in DNA replication, unwinds our double helix into two strands

71
Q

Replication Fork

A

After helicase breaks hydrogen bonds, dna strand is in y-form called replication fork

72
Q

Origins of replication

A

Specific sites where DNA replications begins

73
Q

DNA Topoisomerases

A

Enzymes cuts and rejoins Helix to prevent tangling in DNA replication process

74
Q

DNA polymerase

A

Enzyme that performs the actual addition of nucleotides to the freshly build strand. Can add only to the 3” end of an existing strand

75
Q

RNA primase

A

Catalyzes the synthesis of RNA primes. Adds short strand of RNA nucleotides called RNA primer which allows the replication to start. After complete, withers away and DNA replaces it

76
Q

Leading strand

A

One strand that is made continuously, nucleotides are steadily added on after the othe by DNA polymerase

77
Q

Lagging strand

A

Other strand is made discontinuously, made by pieces of nucleotides cllaed Okazaki fragments

78
Q

Okazaki Fragments

A

Pieces of nucleotides which connects to lagging strand

79
Q

DNA ligase

A

Enzyme that brings together Okazaki fragments

80
Q

Semiconservative

A

DNA replicates in a way that conserves half of the original molecule, eachf of the new ones, it is said to be semiconservative

81
Q

RNA

A

Polymer of nucleotides, similar to DNA. Single-stranded molecule

82
Q

RNA bases

A

Adenine, Cyanine, Gutamine and Uracil

83
Q

RNA sugar

A

Ribose

84
Q

DNA sugar

A

deoxyribose

Biology SAT pt1 (2 decks)

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