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Biology SAT pt1 > Molecules of Biology > Flashcards

Molecules of Biology Flashcards

1
Q

Atom

A

fundamental uni of the physical world

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2
Q

<p>Molecule</p>

A

Combination of two or more individual Atom

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3
Q

<p>Compound</p>

A

Molecule containing different Atoms

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4
Q

<p>Element</p>

A

Molecule containing single type of Atom

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5
Q

<p>Reactants</p>

A

In chemical reaction, molecules or atoms interacting are called reactants / left side of the arrow

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6
Q

<p>Products</p>

A

Result of reactants interactions / right side of the arrow

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7
Q

<p>Organic</p>

A

Molecules and compounds containing Carbon(C)

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8
Q

<p>Inorganic</p>

A

Molecules that doesn’t contain Carbon(C). Exemption: carbon dioxide(CO2) is inorganic

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9
Q

<p>Four important types of organic molecules</p>

A

Proteins, Carbohydrates, Lipids and Nucleic Acids

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10
Q

<p>Macromolecules</p>

A

Large molecules: proteins, carbohydrates, lipids and nucleic acids

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11
Q

<p>Polymer</p>

A

<p>String of repeated units</p>

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12
Q

<p>Monomer</p>

A

<p>Individual units of polymer</p>

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13
Q

<p>Proteins</p>

A

<p>Polymers of Amino Acids</p>

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14
Q

<p>Amino Acid</p>

A

<p>monomer that makes up protein</p>

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15
Q

<p>How many different Amino Acids are there</p>

A

<p>20</p>

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16
Q

<p>Amino group</p>

A

<p>NH2</p>

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17
Q

<p>Double bond</p>

A

<p>A double bond is a type of chemical bond in which two electron pairs are shared between two atoms</p>

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18
Q

<p>Carboxyl group</p>

A

<p>The carboxyl group is an organic, functional group consisting of a carbon atom that's double-bonded to an oxygen atom and singly bonded to a hydroxyl group</p>

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19
Q

<p>The R-group</p>

A

<p>Fourth bond on the central carbon atom in amino acid which give the characteristics</p>

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20
Q

<p>Dehydration Synthesis Reaction</p>

A

<p>Common reaction for building things is remove two hydrogens and one oxygen(H2O), after that bond is formed called Peptide bond</p>

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21
Q

<p>Peptide Bond</p>

A

<p>Bond between Amino Acids, formed by dehydration synthesis</p>

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22
Q

<p>Hydration Reaction</p>

A

<p>Peptide bonds are broken by adding H2O molecule</p>

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23
Q

<p>Hydrolysis</p>

A

<p>Breaking peptide bonds with H2O</p>

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24
Q

<p>Dipeptide</p>

A

<p>Two amino acids forms a dipeptide</p>

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25

Polypeptide

More than two amino acids forms polypeptide

26

Primary structure

Proteins can have four levels of structure: linear sequence of the amino acids is called the primary structure of a protein

27

Secondary structures

Polypeptides begins to twist, form either a coil(alpha Helix) or zigzagging pattern(beta-pleated sheets). These are example of proteins secondary structures

28

Tertiary structure

Secondary structures interact with eachother and form tertiary structure

29

Quaternary structure

Several different polypeptide chains interact and form quarternary structure

30

Chaperone proteins, chaperonins

Helps proteins to fold correctly

31

Monomer of carbohydrate

Single Saccharide

32

Carbohydrate, consists of:

carbon, oxygen, hydrogen

33

Monosaccharide

group of carbohydrates

34

What ratio is C H O in carbonhydrate?

1:2:1

35

Glucose

Monosaccharide

36

Fructose

Monosaccharide

37

Disaccharide

Two monosaccharides links together: maltose and sucrose

38

Maltose

Disaccharide

39

Sucrose

Disaccharide

40

Polysaccharides

Number of monosaccharides joined together exceeds two. Three to know for test: glycogen, starch, cellulose

41

Glycogen

Polysaccharide, polymers of glucose, form in which animals/humas store glucosse

42

Starch

Polysaccharide, polymers of glucose, form in which plants store glucose

43

Cellulose

Polysaccharide, polymers of glucose, structural polysaccharide that forms plant's cell walls

44

Lipids

Fats, monomer for lipid Hydrocarbon

45

Hydrocarbon

monomer for lipid

46

Hydrophobic

Nonpolar, doesn't act well with water, scared of water

47

Three most common forms in which lipids are found in body

Triglycerides, phospholipids, cholesterol

48

Triglyceride

Lipid, consists of three fatty acids bonded to glycerol molecule. Most of food consumed are in the form of triglyceride

49

Phospholipids

Lipid, almost like triglyceride, except one fatty acid chain is replaced with a phosphate group. Phosphate group is hydrophilic(can interact with water), is polar

50

Amphiphatic

Molecule that is both polar and nonpolar. Phospholipids are polar on phosphate end and nonpolar on fatty acid end

51

Lipid bilayer

Double layer of phospholipids, make cell membranes

52

Cholesterol

Forms in rings, found only in animal cells, in cell membranes along with phospholipids. Additionally all the steroid hormones in the body(example estrogen, testosterone and progesterone) are derived form cholesterol

53

Nucleic acid macromolecule

DNA(deoxyribonucleic acid), RNA(ribonucleic acid), found in nucleus of the cell(nucleic), polynucleotides. Made from sugar, a phosphate and a base

54

Monomer of nucleic acid

Nucleotide

55

Nucleotide bases(DNA)

Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, Thymine

56

Double Helix

Long twisted ladder of dna molecule pairs

57

Who founded DNA structure?

Watson, Crick and Frankil 1953

58

DNA Base pairs

Adenine and Thymine, Cytosine and Guanine

59

How are DNA strands linked?

Hydrogen bonds
60

Are the DNA strands antiparallel?

Yes
61
Hydrogen bonds
Holds dna strands together, two for A-T, three for C-G
62
Gene
Stertch of DNA, contains code to make something
63
Genome
All of species DNA
64
Chromosome
Each separate chunk of DNA in genome
65
Histone
Proteins, DNA wrapped around them
66
Nucleosome
Histones bunched together forming Nucleosome
67
Euchromatin
Generic material in loose form inside nucleus
68
Heterochromatin
When euchromatin is fully condensed into coils
69
DNA replication
Copying of DNA: 1st step unwinding the double helix by breaking hydrogen bonds: with enzyme Helicase 2nd step: DNA strands now form y-shaped Replication fork
70
Helicase
Enzym that breaks hydrogen bonds in DNA replication, unwinds our double helix into two strands
71
Replication Fork
After helicase breaks hydrogen bonds, dna strand is in y-form called replication fork
72
Origins of replication
Specific sites where DNA replications begins
73
DNA Topoisomerases
Enzymes cuts and rejoins Helix to prevent tangling in DNA replication process
74
DNA polymerase
Enzyme that performs the actual addition of nucleotides to the freshly build strand. Can add only to the 3" end of an existing strand
75
RNA primase
Catalyzes the synthesis of RNA primes. Adds short strand of RNA nucleotides called RNA primer which allows the replication to start. After complete, withers away and DNA replaces it
76
Leading strand
One strand that is made continuously, nucleotides are steadily added on after the othe by DNA polymerase
77
Lagging strand
Other strand is made discontinuously, made by pieces of nucleotides cllaed Okazaki fragments
78
Okazaki Fragments
Pieces of nucleotides which connects to lagging strand
79
DNA ligase
Enzyme that brings together Okazaki fragments
80
Semiconservative
DNA replicates in a way that conserves half of the original molecule, eachf of the new ones, it is said to be semiconservative
81
RNA
Polymer of nucleotides, similar to DNA. Single-stranded molecule
82
RNA bases
Adenine, Cyanine, Gutamine and Uracil
83
RNA sugar
Ribose
84
DNA sugar
deoxyribose

Biology SAT pt1 (2 decks)

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