Cell structure

Question 1

Cell wall and cell membrane

Answer 1

Forms outer layer on Plants, fungi and bacteria. Cell wall is the most outer part

Question 2

Cytoplasm / Cytosol

Answer 2

Contains organelles

Question 3

Nucleus

Answer 3

Bounded by nuclear membrane, contains chromosomes

Question 4

Cell membrane

Answer 4

Animal cells

Question 5

What is plants cell wall made of?

Answer 5

Cellulose, a polysaccharide

Question 6

What is bacterias cell wall made of?

Answer 6

Peptidoglycan, peptido refers to protein and glycan to sugar, so cell walls are made of protein and sugar

Question 7

What is fungis cell wall made of?

Answer 7

Chitin, chitin is a polysaccharide that’s similar to cellulose

Question 8

What is cell membrane made of?

Answer 8

Lipids, proteins

Question 9

Aqueous

Answer 9

Water-based, inside of the cell

Question 10

What does selectively permeable mean in cell membrane?

Answer 10

It passes some things in and out and restricts other

Question 11

What are four ways that substances can cross the cell membrane?

Answer 11

Simple diffusion, Facilitated diffusion, Active transport, Bulk transport

Question 12

What means simple diffusion?

Answer 12

When substances can flow naturally according to its concentration gradient. Cell membrane is lipid bilayer, simple diffusion works only if the substance in question is lipid soluble(hydrophobic) and can interact with oily barrier. Examples: oxygen, carbon, dioxide, steroid hormones and cholesterol

Question 13

What means facilitated diffusion

Answer 13

Similar to simple diffusion, except that the molecules that cross are not hydrophobic and therefore cannot interact with the oily barrier and cannot simply cross the membrane. They need help of the proteins that make up the cell membrane to move substances across the lipid bilayer. Helper proteins form specialized channels across the membrane, the channels are highly specifis for particular substance

Question 14

What means active transport?

Answer 14

In active transport, cell must expend energy to move something across the membrane. It can move substance across the cell membrane from are of low concentration to are of high concentration. That’s why it needs energy. It moves substances againt their concentration gradient. Active transport also relies on membrane proteins to move substances, doesnt matter if substance is hydrophobis or hydrophilic

Question 15

What means bulk transport?

Answer 15

Implies to movement of large, bulky items across the cell membrane.
Two ways: endocrytosis(into the cell) and exocytosis(outside from the cell).
In endocytosis, the cell takes in a particle by surrounding and engulfingit within a pocket known as vesicle. Two examples of endocytosis are phagocytosis: cell eating, for example an amoeba surrounding particle of food with its pseudopods; a white blood cell ingesting a pathogen and pinocytosis(cell drinking)
Exocytosis is exact oppiste: a particle in a cell(in a vesicle) is released to the outside by fusing the vesicle with the cell membrane so the particle is spit out

Question 16

In bulk transport, which way Endocytosis moves items and how ?

Answer 16

Into the cell, by a vesicle with phagocytosis or pinocytosis

Question 17

In bulk transport, which way exocytosis moves items?

Answer 17

Out from the cell

Question 18

Osmosis

Answer 18

Movement of water accross a cell membrane, down its concentration gradient. Thing to remember, waters concentration gradient is oppiste to the solutes(dissolved particles) concentration gradient
Hypertonic: cell shrinks
Hypotonic: cell swells and may burst
Isotonic: Stays the same

Question 19

What does hypertonic mean?

Answer 19

cell placed into a solution more concentrated than the cells cytoplasm; more particles outside the cell than inside so there is less water outside the cell than inside. Water will move down its gradient from inside the cell to outside the cell and the cell will shrivel up as the water flows out.

Question 20

What does hypotonic mean?

Answer 20

Cell placed into a more dilute solution than the cells cytoplasm. There are now fewer particles outside the cell than inside, so there is more water outside the cell than inside. Water will move down its gradient; from outside the cell to inside the cell and the cell will swell up and may burst

Question 21

What does isotonic mean?

Answer 21

If the cell is put into a solution that is exactly the same concentration as the cell itself, cell stays the same

Question 22

What is function of vacuole?

Answer 22

Storage of wastes and other material

Question 23

What is function of Ribosomes?

Answer 23

Sites of protein synthesis, not bound by membrane

Question 24

What is function of Smooth endoplasmic reticulum(smooth ER)

Answer 24

System of membrane and tubes that transports substances around the cell

Question 25

What is function of Rough endoplasmic reticulum(Rough ER)

Answer 25

Endoplasmic reticulum with ribosomes bound to it; ribosomes on the rough ER specifically synthesize membrane proteins(like channels) or secreted proteins

Question 26

What is function of Glolgi apparatus?

Answer 26

Sorts and packages proteins made by ribosomes on rough ER

Question 27

What is function of Mitochondria

Answer 27

Function in cellular respiration; produce ATP for the cell; bound by a double membrane

Question 28

What is funcion of Lysosomes?

Answer 28

Digest foreign substances and worn-out organelles

Question 29

What is function of Centrioles?

Answer 29

Help to form the spindle during mitosis (cell division)

Question 30

What is function of Nucleus?

Answer 30

Control center of the cell; contains generic material(DNA); bound by a double membrane

Question 31

What is function Nucleolus?

Answer 31

Small, dense structure in the nucleus; site of ribosome synthesis

Question 32

What is function of cell membrane?

Answer 32

Outer membrane that regulates what comes into and goes out of the cell