Molecules in a bio envir

Question 1

How do OH electronegative bonds work?

Answer 1

Oxygen distorts the e- density by pulling all the e-s towards it to create dipoles.

Question 2

What do polar molecules have?

Answer 2

Polar bonds with charged regions, like dissolves in like

Question 3

Can Glucose and ethanol ionise

Answer 3

NO

Alcohols DO NOT IONISE. O in the don’t does not polarise enough to lose the H, need to do something extreme to lose H+

Question 4

What kind of molecules are polar molecules?

Answer 4

Hydrophilic

Question 5

What are NP molecules

Answer 5

No polar bonds or charged areas eg Heptane, Benzene

Question 6

What kind of molecules are non- polar molecules?

Answer 6

Hydrophobic, like dissolves in like

Question 7

Why are NP molecules NP?

Answer 7

C bonds aren’t electronegative

Question 8

What is Hydration?

Answer 8

Adding water to another molecule

The polar nature of water enables electrostatic interactions with other charged molecules

Question 9

What allows hydration to occur?

Answer 9

H bonding

Question 10

Why is H bonding a driving force?

Answer 10

It has the right amount of E and is strong in numbers and can be broken when needed eg during ATP cycle, breaking of DNA H bonds during transcription

Question 11

What is the principal component of cells

Answer 11

H2O, around 78%

Question 12

What happens when the pH is set externally?

Answer 12

The molecule responds to reach equilibrium and ionises in a way that responds to the pH of the sol

Question 13

Can molecules/ functional groups exist in charged and uncharged forms?

Answer 13

Yes, eg amine can exist as an anion, zwitterion and a cation

Question 14

What is ionisation status of a molecule influenced by?

Answer 14

Ph of envir

How easy is it for an ionsable functional group/molecule to ionise

Question 15

If the pKa is one below the pH

Answer 15

Protonation happens and vice versa

Question 16

What part of the amino acid is ionised?

Answer 16

The side chains as the alpha amine and Carboxyl group aren’t available for ionisation

Net charge of the molecule depends on the ionisation of the side chains groups (R-, N-, C-termini)

Question 17

Features of an amide bond

Answer 17

*resistant to attack by nucleophiles and lewis bases
*Dont attack themselves (benign)
*Have partial delocaisation of the lone pair group on N, forms a 1/2 C-N strength bond

Question 18

How are amide bonds formed?

Answer 18

Condensation between a COOH of one amine and NH2 of another

Question 19

What does H2O do to NP bonds?

Answer 19

Attempts to hydrate it in an aq environemnt

Question 20

What are hydration shells?

Answer 20

water molecule orient themselves to maximise the +/- attractions between the ion and the partial charges on the water molecule.