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ANIMAL DIVERSITY and MOLECULES FOR LIFE Gr10 > Molecules for life > Flashcards

Molecules for life Flashcards

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Organic Chemistry 101 flashcards
1
Q

What type of chemical compound is water?

A

Inorganic comound

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2
Q

Structure of water? (3)

A
  1. 2 H and one O
  2. Water has capillarity- rises against gravity- cohesion sticks to each other -adhesion- sticks to side of container
  3. Hydrophobic- does not dissolve in water
    Hydrophilic- dissolves in water
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3
Q

Functions of water?(6)

A
  1. Medium for all chemical reactions (solvent)
  2. Lubricant (joints, chewing, digestive canal)
  3. Reagent in hydrolysis
  4. Structure and rigidity - cell wall- turgor pressure (HYDROSTATIC SKELETON)
    5.transporting agent- metabolic waste +nutrients
  5. Regulated body temp- sweating
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4
Q

Name all macronutrients and percentage of macronutrients in body?

A

Nitrogen, magnesium, sulphur, calcium, sodium, phosphorus

99%

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5
Q

What are the functions (2) and deficiency diseases (2) of NITROGEN?

A

Functions:
1. In all proteins and nucleic acids- needed for growth
2. Constituent of chlorophyll

Deficiency:
Kwashiorkor- stunted growth in kids
Chlorosis- no chlorophyll made - yellow leaves

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6
Q

What are the functions (3) and deficiency diseases (2) of PHOSPHOROUS?

A

Functions:
1. constituent of cell membrane (phospholipids)
2. Constituent of ATP
3. make bones and teeth hard

Deficiency:
Rickets- soft bones
Plants- brown spots and stunted growth

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7
Q

What are the functions (1) of SULPHUR?

A

Functions:
1. constituent of certain proteins (keratin and collagen)

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8
Q

What are the functions (6) and deficiency diseases (4) of CALCIUM?

A

Functions:
1. constituent of lamella in plant cells
2. make bones and teeth hard
ionic form:
3.blood clotting
4.muscle contraction
5.nerve impulse conduction
6.permeability of plasma membranes

Deficiency:
Rickets- soft bones
osteoporosis - brittle bones in older woman
ineffective blood clotting
tooth decay

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9
Q

What are the functions (2) and deficiency diseases (2) of MAGNESIUM?

A

Functions:
1. ionic form: muscle and nerve function
2. Constituent of chlorophyll

Deficiency:
Muscle cramps
Chlorosis- no chlorophyll made - yellow leaves

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10
Q

What are the functions (3) and deficiency diseases (1) of SODIUM?

A

Functions:
1. muscle contraction
2. nerve impulse conduction
3. body fluid concentration (regulate)

Deficiency:
Muscle cramps

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11
Q

Which micronutrients for animals and plants? and percentage of micronutrients.

A

iron- both
iodine- animals
sodium- plants

1%

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12
Q

What are the functions (3) and deficiency diseases (2) of IRON?

A

Functions:
1. in heamoglobin
2. in myoglobin
3. catalyst of chlorophyll

Deficiency:
1. anaemia- lack of haemoglobin
2. chlorosis- to make chlorophyll

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13
Q

What are the functions (1) and deficiency diseases (1) of IODINE?

A

Functions:
1. in thyroxine -metabolism control

Deficiency:
goitre- swollen thyroid gland

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14
Q

What are the functions (1) of SODIUM? (MICRO)

A

Functions:
1. maintains water balance in plants- cells turgid

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15
Q

Explain eutrophication?

A

excess fertilisers from farm washed by rain into rivers and streams.
rapid growth of plants in river.
sun blocked out and underwater plants cant photosynthesise.
no food for other organisms and less oxygen.
organisms die and ecosystem destroyed

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16
Q

differentiate between organic and inorganic compounds?

A

organic contains carbon (usually bonded with hydrogen)
inorganic contains no carbon and is smaller

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17
Q

where are carbohydrates found?

A

bread, rice, pasta, sugar etc…

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18
Q

what elements are in carbohydrates and ratio?

A

H, C, O
H:O = 2:1

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19
Q

structure of carbohydrates?

A

carbon forms ring like skeletal structure for oxygen and hydrogen groups to attach
These ring like molecules called saccharides

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20
Q

explain monosaccharides and types?

A

single ring ling structure (hexose)
- glucose- naturally in honey and grapes
- fructose - give fruit sweetness
- Galactose- part of lactose (milk)

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21
Q

explain disaccharides and types?

A

two ring structure
-sucrose- glucose+ fructose(table sugar)
-maltose- glucose+glucose (barley)
-lactose- glucose+galactose (milk)

22
Q

what bond in disaccharides and how is it formed?

A

glycosidic bond, through condensation synthesis

23
Q

Properties of monosaccharides and disaccharides?

A
  1. sweet
  2. soluble
  3. small (disaccharides bigger that monosaccharides)
  4. form crystals
24
Q

Explain polysaccharides formed?

A

many ring structure that is formed through condensation synthesis by glucose monomers joining through polymerisation to for long chain of glucose (polymer)
Brocken down by hydrolysis

25
Q

3 types of polysaccharides?

A

starch- in plants as storage molecule
cellulose- in plants as a structural molecule (cell wall)
glycogen- animals as storage molecule in liver and skeletal muscle

26
Q

Properties of polysaccharides ?

A
  1. macromolecules
  2. not sweet
  3. insoluble
27
Q

Functions of carbohydrates? (3)

A

energy source- cellular respiration
reserve fuel source- starch and glycogen for later use (osmotically inactive)
structural component- cellulose for plants

28
Q

Where are lipids found?

A

butter, cheese, cooking oils

29
Q

what elements are in lipids? and ration

A

H, C, O
H:O much higher than 2:1 meaning more H= more energy

30
Q

explain structure of lipids? and how formed

A

Triglyceride structure
1 glycerol 3 fatty acids
and ESTER bond
formed through condensation synthesis

31
Q

differentiate between plant and animal lipids?

A

plant- unsaturated with H -double bonds-melt easily
animals- saturated with H - no double bonds, solids

32
Q

difference between polyunsaturated and monounsaturated?

A

monounsaturated- 1 double bond
polyunsaturated- 1+ double bonds

33
Q

properties of lipids? (3)

A

-hydrophobic
-lipophilic (dissolve in other fats and alcohol)
- fats- solid, oils- liquid

34
Q

Functions of lipids? (4)

A
  1. energy rich reserve fuel (hydrogen)
  2. Insulators (adipose tissue and in marine blubber)
  3. phospholipids- permeability of cell membranes
  4. waterproofing (cuticle and birds)
35
Q

where are proteins found?

A

all meats, milk, legumes, eggs, grains etc…

36
Q

what elements are in proteins?

A

H, O, C and NITROGEN
sometimes phosphorus, sulphur or iron

37
Q

Explain the structure of proteins?

A

proteins are polymers, monomers are amino acid.
amino acids (20 types) bond through condensation synthesis to form dipeptide with peptide bond.
3 amino acids- tripeptide
10+ =polypeptide
50+= true protein

38
Q

3 structures of proteins?

A

primary structure- linear sequence
secondary structure- linear chain twists ( held by weak hydrogen bonds)
tertiary structure- helix coil folded to form globular protein)

39
Q

Properties of proteins? (4)

A
  1. Macromolecules
  2. insoluble in water (some hydrophobic and some hydrophilic)
  3. globular proteins denatured by temp and pH
    high temp+ incorrect pH- protein loses shape- function lost
    low temp- lack of energy- protein inactive
  4. have both acidic and basic properties (buffers)
40
Q

functions of proteins? (8)

A
  1. make protoplasm - GROWTH and REPAIR
  2. cell (plasma) membrane- cell permeability
  3. enzymes- metabolic reactions
  4. Important proteins: keratin- structure- hair, skin and nails. Collagen- body together- joints, tendons and ligaments. Myosin- contractile muscles. haemoglobin- in RBC
  5. act as buffer, keep body fluid pH constant
  6. component of chromosomes
    7.ANIT BODIES
    8.reserve energy source - after carbs and lipids
41
Q

define enzymes

A

biological catalysts that speed up a chemical reaction by lowering activation energy.

42
Q

Properties of enzymes (6)

A
  1. biocatalysts- speed up reactions in living organisms
  2. not destroyed, can be re used
  3. small quantities to work RAPIDLY
  4. Globular proteins
  5. reactions usually reversible
  6. specific to action
43
Q

Temperature and enzymes?

A

high temp (40+) will change the shape of an enzyme. substrate wont fit. enzyme loses functionality and this denatured.

Low temp (under 33) will decrease the speed of reactions (less energy). enzyme rendered inactive.

44
Q

pH and enzymes?

A

most function at neutral (7)
too acidic or alkaline denature enzymes

45
Q

differentiate between anabolic and catabolic reactions ?
example of each

A

anabolic- energy needed to make smaller simpler molecules to complex molecules: eg. photosynthesis

catabolic - energy released to break down complex molecules to smaller simpler molecules: e.g cellular respiration

46
Q

Potassium micro and macro nutrients?

A

Macro- nerve impulses animals
Micro- opening and closing stomata- plants

47
Q

Test for glucose and explain?

A

Benedicts: add benedicts solution and heat= orange= positive

48
Q

Test for starch and explain?

A

Iodine: add iodine= blue black= positive

49
Q

Test for fats and oils and explain?

A

Ethanol: add ethanol and put on filter paper= oily patch= positive

50
Q

Test for protein and explain?

A

Biuret test: add sodium hydroxide and copper sulphate= violet= positive

millions reagent= brick red

ANIMAL DIVERSITY and MOLECULES FOR LIFE Gr10 (7 decks)

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