Molecules and Proteins

Question 1

What is a Macromolecule?

Answer 1

large, biologically important molecules inside cells

Question 2

What are macromolecules generally?

Answer 2

sugars, lipids, amino acids,

Question 3

Is ATP a macromolecule?

Answer 3

no ATP is a nucleotide

Question 4

What are oligosaccharides?

Answer 4

3-12 monosaccharides, products of polysaccharide digestion, part of lipid complexes

Question 5

What causes monosaccharides to form ring structures?

Answer 5

often caused by reaction of the aldheyde/ketone group reacting with the hydroxyl group from the same molecule

Question 6

3 parts of a fatty acid?

Answer 6

Methyl group, carbon chain, carboxyl group

Question 7

Does raising the degree of unsaturation increase or decrease melting point of fatty acids?

Answer 7

more unsaturated (more double bonds) causes more kinks, so melting point decreases.

Question 8

What format are double bonds shown in?

Answer 8

(18:1) so for every 18 carbons there is one double bond.

often shown as delta^first time double bond appears.

Question 9

What are phosphoacylglycerols?

Answer 9

derived from phopshatidic acid. formed from fatty acids esterified to glycerol and phosphorylated at C3.

Question 10

What are Sphingolipids?

Answer 10

derived from ceramide. (serine, palmitic acid and another fatty acid)

Question 11

What are steroids made of?

Answer 11

made of cholesterol.

Question 12

What are steroids used for?

Answer 12

emulsify fatty acids to form micelles

Question 13

Where is cholesterol produced?

Answer 13

produced by the liver, absorbed by the gut.

Question 14

5 points about peptide bonds?

Answer 14

very stable.
cleaved by proteolytic enzymes.
Partial C-N bond.
Flexible around C atoms not involved in the bond.
usually have one preferred form.

Question 15

what forces hold proteins together?

Answer 15

Peptide bonds, hydrogen bonds, disulphide bonds, Van der Waals, ionic bonds, hyrophilic/phobic interactions

Question 16

Secondary structures?

Answer 16

Alpha Helix: H-bonds between carbonyl groups and the N-H four amino acids down the chain.
Beta-Sheet: H-bonds between linear regions of polypeptide chains. can be parallel or antiparallel, pleated or not pleated.

Question 17

What are some super-secondary structures?

Answer 17

beta-alpha-beta units, helix-turn-helix conformation, zinc fingers.

Question 18

What is and causes tertiary structure?

Answer 18

the overall 3D conformation of a protein.
caused be electrostatic, hydrophilic/phobic, H-bonds and covalent interactions.
can change based on pH

Question 19

What is Quartenary structure?

Answer 19

3D structure of a protein made of many subunits

Question 20

What are isoenzymes?

Answer 20

enzymes who have different structures and sequences but catalyse the same reaction as another

Question 21

What are coenzymes?

Answer 21

complex organic structures that help to maximise the repertoire of enzymes function groups.

Question 22

What do activation-transfer coenzymes do?

Answer 22

form a covalent bond and are regenerated at the end.

Question 23

what do oxidation-reduction coenzymes do?

Answer 23

involved in electron transfer reactions.