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Moleculer Biology Flashcards

1
Q

Nucleotides composed of 3 structures

A

1 sugar molecule
2 nitrogenous base
3 phosphate group

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2
Q

Describe the shape of the super molecule structure and how many carbon atoms does it contain :

A

5ncarbon atoms molecule in a circular strucutre forming pentose ring

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3
Q

Sugar molecule in the DNA is
In the RNA is

A

DNA : deoxyribose
RNA : ribose

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4
Q

Phosphate group is attached to which carbon atom in the sugar molecule

A

Phosphate group is attached to C5

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5
Q

Base is attached to which carbon atom in the sugar molecule

A

Base is attached to C1

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6
Q

What are the 2 types of the nitrogenous base

A

Purines
Pyrimidines

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7
Q

Base pairs are

A

G And C 3 hydrogen bonds
A and T or U 3 hydrogen bonds

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8
Q

Number of hydrogen bonds between cysteine and guanine is

A

3 hydrogen bonds

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9
Q

Number of hydrogen bonds between adenine and thymine or uracil

A

2 hydrogen bonds

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10
Q

Purines are

A

Guanine
Adenine

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11
Q

Pyrimidines

A

Cysteine
Thymine dna only
Uracil rna only

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12
Q

Which Pyrimidines is found only in RNA

A

Uracil

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13
Q

Which Pyrimidines is found only in RNA

A

Uracil

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14
Q

Definition of nucleic acids

A

Long polymers of nucleotides

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15
Q

What are the two types of nuclei acids

A

DNA and RNA

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16
Q

Define DNA

A

Double stranded helix held together by hydrogen bonds

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17
Q

DNA is Double stranded helix held together by

A

Hydrogen bonds

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18
Q

Strands of DNA associate as

A

Pairs and run in anti-parallel opposite direction

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19
Q

The sugar and the Pyrimidines of the DNA is

A

Sugar deoxyribose
Pyrimidines is thymine

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20
Q

Function of DNA helacse is

A

Unwinding of the double stranded dna resulting in 2 strands of DNA

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21
Q

DNA plymerase function

A

Copying of DNA , using 1 strand as a template .

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22
Q

DNA ligaments function , when does it function

A

Winding back of the DNA strands
When the temp decreases. Drops

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23
Q

What does DNA replication involves

A

1) DNA helicase : unwinding of the DNA strands resulting in two dna strands
2) DNA plymerase : copying of the dna strand using 1 strand as a template
3) DNA ligase : winding back DNA strands when the temp is decreased again .

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24
Q

DNA bond is

A

Phosphodiesterase ( 5” - 3 “ )

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25
Mention the 3 types of RNA
MRNA , in transcription RRNA ribosomal TRNA transfer translation
26
Which type of rna is involved in translation
TRna
27
Which type of RNA is involved in transcription
MRNA
28
What’s the sugar and the Pyrimidine of the RNA
Sugar is ribose and the pyrimidine is uracil
29
Define codons What does codons made of How many nucleotides does it contain
Genetic code Made up of RNA 3 sequential nucleotides
30
Total possible no of codons is , why
64 Because dna contain 4 nucleotides
31
what do we mean by codons are degenerate
No codon specifies more than 1 amino acid . But more than 1 codon can specify more than one amino acid .
32
Define genes What can genes determine
Stretch of nucleotides that code for polypeptide\ Determine 1 amino acid sequence 2 function of the genes Inherited unit of information
33
Whats the coding and noncoding area of the genes
Coding area exons No coding area introns
34
Which region of the gene is highly conserved between individuals
The exons
35
Which region of the gene code for the protein that the gene encodes
Exons
36
Which region of the gene that it’s length outweighs the other length
Introns atwaaal length outweighs that of the exons
37
Introns during processing is spliced into
MRNA
38
Which region nod the gene is not well conserved between individuals
Introns
39
Which region of the gene can be spliced out during processing into mRNA
The introns
40
Mention the two regions of the gene
Exons Coding area The code for the protein that the gene encodes The exon sequence Highly conseverd beteeen individuals Introns No coding area Atwaal Spliced out during processing into mRNA Not well conserved between individuals.
41
Define chromosomes where can be found
They are found in the nuclei \ Linear strands of DNA contain , genes , regulatory elements , nucleotide sequence H shapes consisting of 2 identical chromatid held by centromere 22 homologous chromosomes and 1 pair of sex chromosome
42
Which chromosome is the largest chromosome
Chromosome 1
43
Which chromosome is the Smallest chromosome
Chromosome 22
44
At which phase chromosomes can be detected
At metaphase stage
45
Which drug inhibit spindle formation
Colchicine
46
Chromosomes can be identified by
By gimsa staining \
47
What inhibits deoxyribonuclease
EDTA Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) is an aminopolycarboxylic acid with the formula [CH2N 2]2 chelating agent that binds divalent metal ions such as calcium and magnesium. EDTA can be used to prevent degradation of DNA and RNA and to inactivate nucleases that require metal ions. EDTA can also be used to inactivate metal ion-requiring enzymes.
48
Describe the structure of the chromosome
2 arms. Short arm P Long arm q And a centromere
49
Centromere definition
The region where the two identical sister chromatids come in contact together
50
Based on the position of the centromere the types of chromosomes are
Meta centric , the 2 arms are equal to each other . Submetacentric Acrocentric Telocentric doesn’t exist in humans Holocentric doesn’t exist in humans
51
How many groups are human chromosome
7 groups
52
X chromosome type
Medium Submetacentric
53
6-12
Medium Submetacentric
54
Y chromosome
Very short acrocentric
55
Large chromosomes
1-3 meta centric 4-5 Submetacentric
56
Medium chromosomes
6-12 medium Submetacentric 13-15 medium acrocentric
57
Short chromosomes
16-18 submetacentric 19-20 meta centric 21-22 -y very short acrocentric
58
Meta centric chromosomes
1-3 large 19-20 short
59
Submetacentric
4-5 large 6-12 medium 16-18 short
60
Acrocentric
13-15 medium 21-22-Y very short
61
What transcribe the DNA into messenger RNA
RNA polymerase Soda strand is read from 3 to 5 direction , rna strand is read from 5 to 3 direction
62
What does mRNA translated to
Amino acids
63
Protein synthesis requires :
Ribosomes RNA plymerase : transcription of DNA into mRNA Translation of mRNA into amino acids
64
Polymerase chain reaction works on RNA true or false
False it amplifies selected areas on dna strand Doesn’t work on RNA Need to be converted to dna first n=by reverse transcriptase enzyme
65
What does PCR needs
3 components 1) 2 primers 2 ) 4 deoxynucleotide 3) taq polymerase Loagerthmic amplification .
66
Northern blotting is for
RNA
67
Southern blotting
Is for DNA
68
Western blotting Is for
Proteins
69
What does blotting in general needs
It requires protein antibodies
70
Define proteomics
Is the qualitative and quantitative comparison of proteins under different conditions to further unravel biological processes
71
Separation using 2 d gel electrophoresis
Is one of the proteomics which is qualitative and quantitative comparison of proteins under different conditions to unravel biological processes Two dimensions 1st D and 2nd D
72
1st dimension electrophoresis is based on what
Is based on isoelectric point Voltage is applied along PH gradient .
73
2nd dimension is based on what
Is based on SIze Voltage is applied perpendicular to the original .
74
Define cell cycle
Cell cycle is the series of events in a cell that leads to its division and replication
75
How many phases does cell cycle contain
4 phases G1 - S - G2 - M
76
In which cell phase does the cell spend most of its life
In the interphase It’s not part of mitosis Composed of 3 phases G1-S- G2
77
In which phase does cell replication occurs in
Cell replication ( DNA replication : 23 pairs into 46 pairs ) Is in the S phase , synthesis phase . Only in S phase
78
Proliferation genes
C- myc C- Jun
79
Inhibiting gene
P53
80
Describe cell cycle , micrptubules made in which phase
In g2 Making organelles and proteins in phase G1 Example for phase G0 is neurons
81
Mention the two main characteristics of the stem cells
1 capacity of self renewal over a prolonged period of time 2 potency Potency is the ability to differentiate into specielized cell types
82
Define Totipotent cells
They are cells that have the ability to defferentiate into extra embryonic And embryonic cell types.
83
Stem cell lineage
Totipotent —- pluripotent —— multipotent ——- oligopotent —- unipotent With this direction potency decreases . Totipotent maximum potency Unipotent minimum potency .
84
What is the difference between pluripotent and Totipotent stem cells
85
Types of stem cells
86
Define mitosis
Cell division that results in 2 identical daughter cells from a single parent cell
87
Mitosis involves
Nuclear division Cytokinesis
88
Mitosis occurs exclusively in which cells
In eukaryotic cells
89
It contains 4 phases mention them
1 ) prophase —- metaphase —- anaphase - telophase
90
Prophase events
Prophase chromatid condense Centrosomes present near to the nucleus Centrosomoes consist of a par of centrioles

Genetics (5 decks)

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