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Genetics > Moleculer Biology > Flashcards

Moleculer Biology Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Nucleotides composed of 3 structures

A

1 sugar molecule
2 nitrogenous base
3 phosphate group

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2
Q

Describe the shape of the super molecule structure and how many carbon atoms does it contain :

A

5ncarbon atoms molecule in a circular strucutre forming pentose ring

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3
Q

Sugar molecule in the DNA is
In the RNA is

A

DNA : deoxyribose
RNA : ribose

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4
Q

Phosphate group is attached to which carbon atom in the sugar molecule

A

Phosphate group is attached to C5

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5
Q

Base is attached to which carbon atom in the sugar molecule

A

Base is attached to C1

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6
Q

What are the 2 types of the nitrogenous base

A

Purines
Pyrimidines

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7
Q

Base pairs are

A

G And C 3 hydrogen bonds
A and T or U 3 hydrogen bonds

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8
Q

Number of hydrogen bonds between cysteine and guanine is

A

3 hydrogen bonds

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9
Q

Number of hydrogen bonds between adenine and thymine or uracil

A

2 hydrogen bonds

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10
Q

Purines are

A

Guanine
Adenine

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11
Q

Pyrimidines

A

Cysteine
Thymine dna only
Uracil rna only

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12
Q

Which Pyrimidines is found only in RNA

A

Uracil

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13
Q

Which Pyrimidines is found only in RNA

A

Uracil

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14
Q

Definition of nucleic acids

A

Long polymers of nucleotides

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15
Q

What are the two types of nuclei acids

A

DNA and RNA

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16
Q

Define DNA

A

Double stranded helix held together by hydrogen bonds

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17
Q

DNA is Double stranded helix held together by

A

Hydrogen bonds

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18
Q

Strands of DNA associate as

A

Pairs and run in anti-parallel opposite direction

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19
Q

The sugar and the Pyrimidines of the DNA is

A

Sugar deoxyribose
Pyrimidines is thymine

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20
Q

Function of DNA helacse is

A

Unwinding of the double stranded dna resulting in 2 strands of DNA

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21
Q

DNA plymerase function

A

Copying of DNA , using 1 strand as a template .

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22
Q

DNA ligaments function , when does it function

A

Winding back of the DNA strands
When the temp decreases. Drops

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23
Q

What does DNA replication involves

A

1) DNA helicase : unwinding of the DNA strands resulting in two dna strands
2) DNA plymerase : copying of the dna strand using 1 strand as a template
3) DNA ligase : winding back DNA strands when the temp is decreased again .

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24
Q

DNA bond is

A

Phosphodiesterase ( 5” - 3 “ )

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25
Q

Mention the 3 types of RNA

A

MRNA , in transcription

RRNA ribosomal

TRNA transfer translation

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26
Q

Which type of rna is involved in translation

A

TRna

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27
Q

Which type of RNA is involved in transcription

A

MRNA

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28
Q

What’s the sugar and the Pyrimidine of the RNA

A

Sugar is ribose and the pyrimidine is uracil

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29
Q

Define codons
What does codons made of
How many nucleotides does it contain

A

Genetic code
Made up of RNA
3 sequential nucleotides

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30
Q

Total possible no of codons is , why

A

64
Because dna contain 4 nucleotides

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31
Q

what do we mean by codons are degenerate

A

No codon specifies more than 1 amino acid .
But more than 1 codon can specify more than one amino acid .

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32
Q

Define genes
What can genes determine

A

Stretch of nucleotides that code for polypeptide\
Determine 1 amino acid sequence
2 function of the genes
Inherited unit of information

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33
Q

Whats the coding and noncoding area of the genes

A

Coding area exons
No coding area introns

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34
Q

Which region of the gene is highly conserved between individuals

A

The exons

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35
Q

Which region of the gene code for the protein that the gene encodes

A

Exons

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36
Q

Which region of the gene that it’s length outweighs the other length

A

Introns atwaaal length outweighs that of the exons

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37
Q

Introns during processing is spliced into

A

MRNA

38
Q

Which region nod the gene is not well conserved between individuals

A

Introns

39
Q

Which region of the gene can be spliced out during processing into mRNA

A

The introns

40
Q

Mention the two regions of the gene

A

Exons
Coding area
The code for the protein that the gene encodes
The exon sequence Highly conseverd beteeen individuals
Introns
No coding area
Atwaal
Spliced out during processing into mRNA
Not well conserved between individuals.

41
Q

Define chromosomes where can be found

A

They are found in the nuclei \
Linear strands of DNA contain , genes , regulatory elements , nucleotide sequence
H shapes consisting of 2 identical chromatid held by centromere
22 homologous chromosomes and 1 pair of sex chromosome

42
Q

Which chromosome is the largest chromosome

A

Chromosome 1

43
Q

Which chromosome is the Smallest chromosome

A

Chromosome 22

44
Q

At which phase chromosomes can be detected

A

At metaphase stage

45
Q

Which drug inhibit spindle formation

A

Colchicine

46
Q

Chromosomes can be identified by

A

By gimsa staining \

47
Q

What inhibits deoxyribonuclease

A

EDTA Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) is an aminopolycarboxylic acid with the formula [CH2N 2]2

chelating agent that binds divalent metal ions such as calcium and magnesium. EDTA can be used to prevent degradation of DNA and RNA and to inactivate nucleases that require metal ions. EDTA can also be used to inactivate metal ion-requiring enzymes.

48
Q

Describe the structure of the chromosome

A

2 arms. Short arm P
Long arm q
And a centromere

49
Q

Centromere definition

A

The region where the two identical sister chromatids come in contact together

50
Q

Based on the position of the centromere the types of chromosomes are

A

Meta centric , the 2 arms are equal to each other .
Submetacentric
Acrocentric
Telocentric doesn’t exist in humans
Holocentric doesn’t exist in humans

51
Q

How many groups are human chromosome

A

7 groups

52
Q

X chromosome type

A

Medium
Submetacentric

53
Q

6-12

A

Medium
Submetacentric

54
Q

Y chromosome

A

Very short acrocentric

55
Q

Large chromosomes

A

1-3 meta centric
4-5 Submetacentric

56
Q

Medium chromosomes

A

6-12 medium Submetacentric
13-15 medium acrocentric

57
Q

Short chromosomes

A

16-18 submetacentric
19-20 meta centric
21-22 -y very short acrocentric

58
Q

Meta centric chromosomes

A

1-3 large
19-20 short

59
Q

Submetacentric

A

4-5 large
6-12 medium
16-18 short

60
Q

Acrocentric

A

13-15 medium
21-22-Y very short

61
Q

What transcribe the DNA into messenger RNA

A

RNA polymerase
Soda strand is read from 3 to 5 direction , rna strand is read from 5 to 3 direction

62
Q

What does mRNA translated to

A

Amino acids

63
Q

Protein synthesis requires :

A

Ribosomes
RNA plymerase : transcription of DNA into mRNA
Translation of mRNA into amino acids

64
Q

Polymerase chain reaction works on RNA true or false

A

False it amplifies selected areas on dna strand
Doesn’t work on RNA
Need to be converted to dna first n=by reverse transcriptase enzyme

65
Q

What does PCR needs

A

3 components
1) 2 primers
2 ) 4 deoxynucleotide
3) taq polymerase
Loagerthmic amplification .

66
Q

Northern blotting is for

A

RNA

67
Q

Southern blotting

A

Is for DNA

68
Q

Western blotting Is for

A

Proteins

69
Q

What does blotting in general needs

A

It requires protein antibodies

70
Q

Define proteomics

A

Is the qualitative and quantitative comparison of proteins under different conditions to further unravel biological processes

71
Q

Separation using 2 d gel electrophoresis

A

Is one of the proteomics which is qualitative and quantitative comparison of proteins under different conditions to unravel biological processes
Two dimensions 1st D and 2nd D

72
Q

1st dimension electrophoresis is based on what

A

Is based on isoelectric point
Voltage is applied along PH gradient .

73
Q

2nd dimension is based on what

A

Is based on SIze
Voltage is applied perpendicular to the original .

74
Q

Define cell cycle

A

Cell cycle is the series of events in a cell that leads to its division and replication

75
Q

How many phases does cell cycle contain

A

4 phases G1 - S - G2 - M

76
Q

In which cell phase does the cell spend most of its life

A

In the interphase
It’s not part of mitosis
Composed of 3 phases
G1-S- G2

77
Q

In which phase does cell replication occurs in

A

Cell replication ( DNA replication : 23 pairs into 46 pairs )
Is in the S phase , synthesis phase .
Only in S phase

78
Q

Proliferation genes

A

C- myc
C- Jun

79
Q

Inhibiting gene

A

P53

80
Q

Describe cell cycle , micrptubules made in which phase

A

In g2
Making organelles and proteins in phase G1
Example for phase G0 is neurons

81
Q

Mention the two main characteristics of the stem cells

A

1 capacity of self renewal over a prolonged period of time
2 potency
Potency is the ability to differentiate into specielized cell types

82
Q

Define Totipotent cells

A

They are cells that have the ability to defferentiate into extra embryonic And embryonic cell types.

83
Q

Stem cell lineage

A

Totipotent —- pluripotent —— multipotent ——- oligopotent —- unipotent
With this direction potency decreases . Totipotent maximum potency
Unipotent minimum potency .

84
Q

What is the difference between pluripotent and Totipotent stem cells

A
85
Q

Types of stem cells

A
86
Q

Define mitosis

A

Cell division that results in 2 identical daughter cells from a single parent cell

87
Q

Mitosis involves

A

Nuclear division
Cytokinesis

88
Q

Mitosis occurs exclusively in which cells

A

In eukaryotic cells

89
Q

It contains 4 phases mention them

A

1 ) prophase —- metaphase —- anaphase - telophase

90
Q

Prophase events

A

Prophase chromatid condense
Centrosomes present near to the nucleus
Centrosomoes consist of a par of centrioles

Genetics (5 decks)

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