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Cell Cycle Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Mitosis definition

A

Cell division that results in two identical daughter cells from a single parent cell

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2
Q

Mitosis consist of two things

A

1 nuclear division
2 cytokinesis
Definition of cytokinesis part of the cell division process during which the cytoplasm of a single eukaryotic cell divides into two daughter cells. Cytoplasmic division begins during or after the late stages of nuclear division in mitosis and meiosis

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3
Q

In which type of cells does mitosis occurs exclusively

A

In eukaryotic cells
;;;; whose members are known as eukaryotes, is a diverse domain of organisms whose cells have a nucleus. All animals, plants, fungi, and many unicellular organisms, are eukaryotes. They belong to the group of organisms Eukaryota or Eukarya, which is one of the three domains of life;;;;;;

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4
Q

Mention stages of mitosis

A

PMAT
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase

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5
Q

Events of prophase

A

Chormatid condense
Centromeres appear near the nucleus
Centromere consist of a pair of centrioles

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6
Q

Events of metaphase

A

Nucleus disappear
Nuclear membrane disintegrate
Mitotic spindles appear
Centromeres migrate to both poles of the cell
Chromosomes align at the metaphase plate

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7
Q

Anaphase events

A

Kinetochore : a point on the chromosome where the Mitotic spindle attach
Kinetochore shortening separating the chromatids
كل وحده بتحكي انا وبتقصير عشان تبعد عن التانيه .

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8
Q

Telophase events

A

Chromtid deco dense
Mitotic spindles disappear
Nuclear membrane reformation
Followed by cytokinesis

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9
Q

In which phase of cell cycle does cell division occur

A

In M phase mitosis and meiosis occur

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10
Q

Cell cycle phases dna replication at which phase
Division
Growth

A
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11
Q

Define meiosis

A

It’s a type of cell division that results in 4 haploid N non identical daughter cells from a single diploid parent cell
It occurs in germ cells , gonads , responsible about sexual differentiation

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12
Q

Meiosis is responsible for production of which type of cells ; what about mitosis

A

Meiosis is responsible for germ cells production
M

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13
Q

Meiosis involves 2 major events

A

1 reduction of genetic material reduction stage meiosis 1
2 2 successive nuclear division meiosis 2 which is similar to mitosis , each 1 n give 2n

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14
Q

Meiosis 2 stages define them

A

Stage 1 meiosis , separation of two homologous chromosomes producing 2 haploid cells
Stage 2 as mitosis

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15
Q

Stage 1 meiosis , prophase 1 main event

A

1 pairing of 2 homologous chromosome ( bivalent chromosomes )
2 CROSSINg over the genetic material between the 2 homologous chromosomes not the two sister chromatids
3 migration of centrosomes to both poles of the cell
Leptotene
Zygotone pairing stage
Pachytene crossing over stage
Diplotene
Diakinesis
Synchronous migration of centromere to opposite poles of the cell

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16
Q

At which stage does crossing over occurs

A

In meiosis 1 prophase 1 in pachytene

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17
Q

Meiosis 1 which is the reduction stage composed of

A
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18
Q

At which stage of meiosis dose homologous chromosomes align

A

Alignment of the homologous chromosomes (tetrads)at the metaphase plate occur at the metaphase 1
Each pair is attached to a separate spindle fiber unlike mitosis which attached to double spindle fibers

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19
Q

Dysjunction phase , is

A

Anaphase 1

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20
Q

Where does crossing over of genetic material occur

A

At chiasmata , single or double at the near to each other chromosome that will cross over

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21
Q

Meiosis

A
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22
Q

Genetic transfer is based on

A

Manelian inheritance

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23
Q

Law of segregation

A

States that each gamete receives only 1 allele for each gene

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24
Q

Law of independent assortment 2nd law of mandelian

A

States that alleles of different genes assort independently of one another during gematogenesis

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25
Q

Mitosis

A
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26
Q

Dysjunction

A
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27
Q

Deference between meiosis metaphase 1 and Mitosis metaphase and anaphase

A

Mitosis and metaphase 2 [centrosomes does so]plit 2 at each pole
In prophase centrosomes doesn’t split one only on each side

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28
Q

Mention the two types of structural abnormalities

A

1 Aneuploidy ; change in the number of cell chromosomes
Down syndrome trisomy 21
Edward syndrome trisomy 18
Patau syndrome trisomy 13
Turner syndrome monosomy x
2 structural
Deletion
Translocation
Duplication
Insertion
Inversion

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29
Q

Which one of the structural chromosomal abnormalities form ring chromosome

A

Deletion

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30
Q

Mosaics definition

A

Presence of 2 or more genetically different cell lines derived from a single zygote

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31
Q

Types of mosaics

A

Gamete mosaics
Somatic mosaicism as down turner

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32
Q

Explain mosaicism

A
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33
Q

Mosaicism in down and turner syndrome

A
34
Q

Trisomies occur due to

A

1 dysjunction at meiosis 1 >70%
2 dysjunction at meiosis 2
3 mosaicism < 5%

35
Q

Relation between trisomies and maternal age

A

Risk of trisomies a increase with increased maternal age

36
Q

Relation between the no of extra chromosomes in trisomies and the probability of learning disabilities if the individual survives

A

The greater the no of extra chromosomes the greater the probability for learning difficulties

37
Q

Down syndrome is

A

Trisomy 21

38
Q

Prevelance of Down syndrome

A

1: 700

39
Q

When is the higher incidence of Down syndrome
And what the percentage that will go for spontaneous pregnancy loss

A

Higher incidence at conception .
80 % will go for spontaneous pregnancy loss .

40
Q

Down syndrome occurs due to

A

1 primary trisomy 21 occurs in 95% due to non dysfunction at meiosis 85 % maternal 15 % paternal .
2. Robertsonian Translocation mutation , ch( 14;21) 3 %
3 , mosaicism 1 %

41
Q

Features of Down syndrome

A

1 - increase Nt
2- dysmorphic features ( small ears. Flat facial profile , upslanting palpebral fissures , brachycephaly )
3 - conductive hearing loss
4 - GI abnormalities ( duodenal atresia , hirsrchprung disease , imperforate anus )
5- cardiac abnormalities AV canal defect
6- hypotonia

42
Q

Down syndrome are at increased risk to develop

A

1 ) hypothyroidism
Alzheimer’s
AML and ALL
Celiac disease

43
Q

Risk at maternal age 25

A

1: 1500

44
Q

Risk at maternal age of Down syndrome 30

A

1: 900

45
Q

Down syndrome risk in maternal age 35

A

1:350

46
Q

Down syndrome risk at maternal age 40

A

1:100

47
Q

Risk for Down syndrome at age 45

A

1:30

48
Q

Risk for Down syndrome at age 50

A

1:11

49
Q

Cut off for invasive screening for Down syndrome

A

1:250 ( 40 )

50
Q

Edward syndrome incidence

A

1: 3000 live births
Trisomy 18

51
Q

Male:female ration for Edward syndrome

A

1;2

52
Q

Features for Edward syndrome

A

1 musculoskeletal defects limb defect , overlapping fingers , rockerbottom foot
2 facial defects ; microganthia , cleft lip , palate
3 cvs defects vsd ads pda
4 abdominal defects diaphragmatic hernia , exomphalus , inguinal hernia renal malformation
5 IUGR
Increased NT
فتحات بكل مكان وقصير واصابعه فوق بعض ورجله متل الكره

53
Q

Mortality rate in Edward syndrome at 1 month 2 month 1 year

A

1 moth 30%
2nd month 50%
1 year 90 %

54
Q

% of Edward syndrome that can be detected by US at 18-20 weeks

A

90%

55
Q

Patau syndrome incidence

A

Trisomy 13 . 1:5000 of all live births .
Increased risk with increased maternal age .

56
Q

Patau syndrome features

A

Similar to Edward
1) midline defects :
Hypertelorism
Holoproscencephaly
Cleft lip
Cleft palate
Scalp defect
2 ) post axial polydactyly
3) cardiac defect
4) renal malformations
5 ) IUGR
6) omphalocele

57
Q

Mortality rate at 1 month age in Patau syndrome

A

100%

58
Q

Hypertelorism is a feature of which syndrome and means >

A

Abnormally decreased distance between the eyes pataus

59
Q

Holoprosecephaly

A

Failure of the prosencephalon to develop into 2 hemispheres .
Feauture of Patau s syndrome .

60
Q

Sex chromosome an aneuploidy. In female ration and male s

A

Males 1:400
Female 1 ; 600

61
Q

Mention two examples of sex chromosomes aneuploidy
Chromosomes and incidence for each one

A

Turner syndrome so monosomy 1:2500
Klinefilter syndrome 47 XXY 1 : 1000

62
Q

Which syndrome have increased risk for developing gondalblastoma

A

Turner syndrome

63
Q

Turner syndrome features

A

10 features
1 short stature .
2 webbed neck .
3 shield shaped chest with wide space between nipples .
4 renal malformations horseshoe kidney .
5 gonadaldysgenesis ,
6 coarcation of the aorta .
7 wide angle arms
8cystic hygroma
9 lymphedema
10 raised NT

64
Q

Intellectual status for turner syndrome

A

Normal intellectually

65
Q

Klinefelters syndrome chromosomes incidence

A

47 XXY
1:1000

66
Q

Features of Klinfilters syndrome

A

Tall
Small testis with hypogonadism hypogonadrtrophic
Infertility

67
Q

Lyon hypothesis

A

Barr body
Which is inactivated X chromosome
Happen when there is more than 2 X chromosome in a single cell .

68
Q

Lyon hypothesis ( when does inactivation of 1 X chromosome happen in female )

A

15-16 days gestation

69
Q

Define translocation

A

Is the exchange of 2 segment of chromosomes between 2 NON- HOMOLOGOUS chromosomes

70
Q

Mention the 2 types of translocation

A

1 balanced , genetic material didn’t change , even equalexchange of genetic material without loss or excess of genetic material .
2 unbalanced unqual exchange of genetic material resulting in excess or lost genetic material .

71
Q

Robertsonian translocation result from

A

Fusion of the long arms of the two acrocentric chromosome 14, 21

72
Q

mention three syndromes associated with chromosomal structural deletion abnormality’s

A

Digeorge syndrome velocardiofacial
Prayer Willi syndrome
Angleman syndrome

73
Q

Which syndromes result from deletion of ch22q11 ,

A

Digeorge

74
Q

Which syndrome results due to failure of 3rd and 4th pharyngeal pouches development

A

Digeorge syndrome

75
Q

Digeorge mean 2 feautures for each feautures CATCH_22

A

1 2 ——- ch 22q11 .2
2 glands absent thymus and PTH
2 consequences hyocalcemia , decreased T lymphocytes , decreased immunity
Congenital heart defects
Cleft lip palate 2Cs
Auitism لحالها. .

76
Q

Angelman syndrome deletion paternal or maternal

A

Maternal deletion

77
Q

Angelman deletion at which chromosome

A

15q-11-13
Protein ligase E3A

78
Q

Features of angel man syndrome

A

Happy disposition
Macroglossia
Seizure
Ataxia
Learning difficulties.

79
Q

Prayer willi syndrome ch maternal or paternal

A

Paternal deletion 15 q-11-13

80
Q

Features of prayer willi syndrome

A

Obese
Hypotonia
Hypogonadism

Genetics (5 decks)

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