molecular structure and bonding

Question 1

covalent bond in which two pairs of electrons are shared between two atoms

Answer 1

double bond

Question 2

molecule that contains an odd number of electrons

Answer 2

free radical

Question 3

molecule containing at least one main-group element that has more than eight electrons in its valence shell

Answer 3

hypervalent molecule

Question 4

diagram showing lone pairs and bonding pairs of electrons in a molecule or an ion

Answer 4

Lewis structure

Question 5

symbol for an element or monatomic ion that uses a dot to represent each valence electron in the element or ion

Answer 5

Lewis symbol

Question 6

two (a pair of) valence electrons that are not used to form a covalent bond

Answer 6

lone pair

Question 7

guideline that states main group atoms will form structures in which eight valence electrons interact with each nucleus, counting bonding electrons as interacting with both atoms connected by the bond

Answer 7

octet rule

Question 8

bond in which a single pair of electrons is shared between two atoms

Answer 8

single bond

Question 9

bond in which three pairs of electrons are shared between two atoms

Answer 9

triple bond

Question 10

location in a trigonal bipyramidal geometry in which there is another atom at a 180° angle and the equatorial positions are at a 90° angle

Answer 10

axial position

Question 11

angle between any two covalent bonds that share a common atom

Answer 11

bond angle

Question 12

(also, bond length) distance between the nuclei of two bonded atoms

Answer 12

bond distance

Question 13

arrangement around a central atom of all regions of electron density (bonds, lone pairs, or unpaired electrons)

Answer 13

electron-pair geometry

Question 14

one of the three positions in a trigonal bipyramidal geometry with 120° angles between them; the axial positions are located at a 90° angle

Answer 14

equatorial position

Question 15

shape in which two outside groups are placed on opposite sides of a central atom

Answer 15

linear

Question 16

structure that includes only the placement of the atoms in the molecule

Answer 16

molecular structure

Question 17

shape in which six outside groups are placed around a central atom such that a three-dimensional shape is generated with four groups forming a square and the other two forming the apex of two pyramids, one above and one below the square plane

Answer 17

octahedral

Question 18

(also, dipole) molecule with an overall dipole moment

Answer 18

polar molecule

Question 19

shape in which four outside groups are placed around a central atom such that a three-dimensional shape is generated with four corners and 109.5° angles between each pair and the central atom

Answer 19

tetrahedral

Question 20

shape in which five outside groups are placed around a central atom such that three form a flat triangle with 120° angles between each pair and the central atom, and the other two form the apex of two pyramids, one above and one below the triangular plane

Answer 20

trigonal bipyramidal

Question 21

shape in which three outside groups are placed in a flat triangle around a central atom with 120° angles between each pair and the central atom

Answer 21

trigonal planar

Question 22

theory used to predict the bond angles in a molecule based on positioning regions of high electron density as far apart as possible to minimize electrostatic repulsion

Answer 22

valence shell electron pair repulsion (VSEPR) theory

Question 23

distance between the nuclei of two bonded atoms at which the lowest potential energy is achieved

Answer 23

bond length

Question 24

bond formed when electrons are shared between atoms

Answer 24

covalent bond

Question 25

tendency of an atom to attract electrons in a bond to itself

Answer 25

electronegativity

Question 26

covalent bond between atoms of different electronegativities; a covalent bond with a positive end and a negative end

Answer 26

polar covalent bond

Question 27

(also nonpolar covalent bond) covalent bond between atoms of identical electronegativities

Answer 27

pure covalent bond