Molecular Movement Across Membranes Flashcards
describe mammalian membranes
selectively permeable, which means some substances can cross the membrane (permeable) while others cannot (impermeable)
properties that will determine whether a substance will cross the barrier/membrane
- is the particle lipid-soluable
- > uncharged and non-polar molecules such as O2,CO2 and fatty acids are lipid soluable and pass through the membrane easily - the size of the particle
- > molecules with a diameter greater than 0.8nm cannot pass through the membrane and must be transported across membrane using transport porteins
- > transport is also used for larger, polar molecules that do not dissolve in water
How do charged particles that are smaller than 0.8nm cross the membrane
- > they use ion channels to corss the bilayer as they are water soluble particles
diffusion
- > when molecules move across their concentraiton gradient ( [high] to [low] )
- > this will result in an equal distribution of molecules in solution over time
flux vs net flux
flux
- > movement of molecules across (in or out) the membrane
net flux
- > difference between influx into the cell and efflux out of the cell
what does the net flux value depend on?
- surface area of the membrane
- > the larger the cell, the larger the surface area; and the larger the SA, the greater potential for molecular movement across the membrane - membrane permeability constant
- > MPC depends on the cell membrane + the specific molecule to be moved
osmosis
the diffusion of H2O from an area of high water concentration to an area of low water concentration
- > no moleculat movement other than water
- > requires aquaporin
why is aquaporin so important for osmosis
aquaporin (water channels) must be present in the plasma membrane for water movement across the membrane
- > aquaporin presence is often altered through hormonal signaling (there are some cells that do not contain aquaporin, which means they are impermeable to H2O movement)
osmolarity
[solute] + [H2O] in a solution
- > the greater the osmolarity of a solution, the lower the [H2O]
1 mol of solute particles = 1 osmol
1 M solution of glucose = 1 Osm (1 osmol/L)
- > glucose does not associate into other comopounds
1 M solution of MgCl2 = 3 Osm
1 M of NaCl = 2 Osm
A 2M MgCl2 solution would have what osmolarity?
2 x 1 Osm Mg + 2x 2 Osm Cl = 6 Osm
osmotic pressure
- > pressure applied to a solution to prevent net flow of H2O across a membrane
- > OP is related to the vol/conc of water inside (next point)/outside the cell
- > once max volume occurs such that there is maximum membrane stretch, pressures will rise and stop further water movement, even if there is an [H2O] gradient and aquaporin present
VF effect on solution
Vf = Vi (initial Ci/initial Co); Co/Ci is initial [solute] inside/outside the cell
VF > 1.0; cell swells,hypotonic
VF = 1.0; no change, isotonic
VF < 1.0; cell shrinks, hypertonic
isotonic solution
osmolarity of solution = osmolarity of interior of cell
- > no net flux of H2O in/out of cell
- > no shape changeor volume change
hypotonic solutions
low solute concentration in the solution (higher [H2O]) compared to the inside of the cell
- > H2O moves into the cell (across [gradient]) which will cause cell to swell
this can cause…
- > membrane and organelle damage which can lead to loss of function
- > cell can burst in strongly hypotonic solutions
hypertonic solutions
- > higher [solute] in solution compared to inside of the cell (lower [H2O])
- > H2O will move across [gradient] from inside the cell to the outside
- > cell will shrink and cause the cell to rinkle (crenulations) which can cause organelle damage and membrane disruptions
major limiting factor for movement of molecules across the membrane
the lipid bilayer, due to the amphipathinc structure of lipids in the membrane
- > increasing the number of saturated fatty acids further increases the limtation in movement due to the right packing
list the possible orientation of ion channels, what determines this?
Closed and Open
- > chemical messengers and receptor binding will result in protein conformation (change in protein shape) and form an open or closed ion channel
primary active transport
- > energy derived from the breakdown of ATP by the transporter protein (ATPase) with phosphrylation of enzyme itself
- > the phosphorylation of the transporter protein/enzyme changes the conformation of the transporter, allowing a specific ion to cross the cell membrane
Secondary Active transport
- > doesn’t used ATP as an energy source to initiate ion molecule movement
- > energy comes from movement of ions across [gradient] (from high to low)
- > moves 2 ions or 1 ion+molecule across the membrane at the same time
- > SAT indirectly uses ATP to pump the ion back out of the cell to return to resting levels
- > can have co-transport or counter-transport
Co-transport vs Counter transport
Common biological molecules and how they are transported
Endocytosis
- > transfering specific molecules into a cell/ though a cell
- > receptor driven with plasma membrane receptors is the key to initiating thi process
- > this process can beused by some viruses and bacerial endotoxins to enter the cell
Exocytosis
- > transfers large molecules from inside to outside the cell
- > vesicle membrane formed from ER membrane
- > initiated by cell-surface signaing such as chemical messenger binding or membrane voltage charge
- > used to release hormones, neurotransmitters, waste and mucus
Pinocytosis
also known as “fluid-phase endocytosis”
- > phase where infolding plasma membrane surrounding a small volume of extracellular fluid containing dissolved molecules occurs
