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Human Physiology > Blood > Flashcards

Blood Flashcards

1
Q

Hematocrit

A

(percentage) of RBC’s in a volume of blood

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2
Q

hyperemia

A

increased bloodflow

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3
Q

characteristics of blood

A
  • > specialized connective tissue
  • > primary function = substance distribution
  • > composed of blood cells suspended in blood plasma
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4
Q

how is blood a non-newtonian fluid

A

(a fluid whose viscosity changes based on applied stress or force; magic sand)

  • > it’s both a solid (cells) and a liquid (plasma)
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5
Q

composition of blood blasma

A

90% water

10% solutes which include

  • > respiratory gases
  • > albumin
  • > globulin
  • > clotting proteins
  • > amino acids
  • > hormones
  • > nutrients and electrolytes
  • > metabolic enzymes
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6
Q

hematocrit of males vs females

A

Males

0.40 - 0.50 (40-50%)

Females

0.37 - 0.46 (37-47%)

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7
Q

What are reticulocytes and they make up what % of total RBC

A

they’re immature RBC that are found in the bone marrow and they mature in the bloodstream

  • > makes up 1.0-1.5% of total RBC count
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8
Q

What is Hemoglobin? How much is in a males blood compared to a female

A

oxygen/CO2 carrying molecule

Males

  • > 140-165 g/L

Females

  • > 120-150 g/L
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9
Q

characteristics of erythrocytes

A

AKS RBC

  • > no nuclei or orgnanelles (not “true” cell)
  • > primarily for respiratory gas exchange
  • > contains hemoglobin
  • > makes up around 45% of total blood volume
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10
Q

explain the structure of RBC and how conformation can affect the cell

A

the shape of RBC’s are maintained by proteins, especially spectrin inside the inside of the RBC plasma membrane, which allows for RBC flexibility

  • > continuous deformation for RBC to fit through small capillaries leads to an accumulation of membrane damage, which eventually triggers cell destructions/apoptosis
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11
Q

hematopoisis

A

also known as hemopoiesis

blood cell formation

  • > occurs in red bone marrow
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12
Q

explain hematopoietic stem cells

A

also known as hemocytoblasts

all formed blood cells arise from the same type of stem cells (hematopoietic stem cells)

  • > pleuripotential; stem cells that can only become certain types of cells
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13
Q

leukocytes

A

non-specific immune cells; white blood cells

  • > basophils
  • > neutrophils
  • > eosinophils
  • > monocytes
  • > lymphocytes
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14
Q

what determines whether a pleuripotent stem cell will become a lymphoid stem cell or a myeloid stem cell

A

hormonal and chemical messengers control cell differentiation

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15
Q

formation of erythrocytes

A
  1. controlled by the hormone erythropoietin which is produced by the kidneys
    - > the trigger for the response which releases erythropoietin is through monitoring of blood gases at the renal level
  2. the hormone is released into the blood and travels to bone marrow and stimulates the formation of erythrocytes
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16
Q

describe the first few days of a erythrocytes

A
  • > during a 3-5 day period, pleuripotent stem cells go through a few differentiations in the bone marrow (controlled by hormones) to produce an immature RBC (reticulocyte)
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17
Q

describe the process of erythropoisis

A
  • > hemoglobin synthesis and iron accumulation occurs
  • > degredation of the nucleus and ejection of MOST organelles occurs
  • > the reticulocyte will then mature into a functional red blood cell in the bloodstream over the course of 2 days
  • > erythrocytes are formed from reticulocytes and all remaining ribosomes and organelle structures will be destroyed
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18
Q

reticulocyte

A

immature red blood cell which develop in bone marrow and mature in the bloodstream

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19
Q

lifespan of a erythrocyte

A

around 100-120 days

20
Q

why is a small amount (around 1%) of circulating erythrocytes prematurly destroyed and replaced everyday

A

they become trapped in the small blood vessels of the spleen (major blood filtration system) and liver and are degraded through normal apoptosis process

21
Q

products of degraded erythrocytes

A
  1. iron
    - > transported by blood plasma and stored in the liver

OR

  • > transported to the liver and excreted through bile (if iron levels are sufficient/excessive)
    2. heme
  • > degraded to biliruben which is sent to the liver and is released into bile, then converted into urobilinogen and excreted in feces or urine
    3. globin
  • > broken down into amino acids (used for protein syn.)
22
Q

characteristics of leukocytes

A

white blood cells

  • > complete cells
  • > primarily for body defense (immune activity)

- > WBC production can be increased when needed

  • > carried mainly in loose connective tissue (blood) and/or lymphoid tissues (lymph nodes)
23
Q

Classes of leukocytes

A

Granulocytes

  • > neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils

Agranulocytes

  • > lymphocytes, monocytes
24
Q

Neutrophils

A

type of granulocyte

  • > most numerous of the WBC (around 47-63%)
  • > destroys bacteria through the production and release of oxydizing substances (i.e. H2O2) along with the release of defensin
  • > attracted to inflammation (damage to cell tissue initiates inflammation)
25
Q

Defensis

A

a protein that penetrates and pierces holes in bacterial membranes

26
Q

Eosinophils

A
  • > leads the attack on parasitic worms
  • > plays a role in decreasing allergic reactions (phagocytose antigen-antibody complexes) and can inactivate some inflamatory chemicals (prevening widespread inflammatory response)
  • > resides in loos connective tissue and releases enzymes that can digest paracidic worms
27
Q

Basophils

A
  • > contains histamine (vasodialator/attracts other WBC during inflammation) within their granules
  • > basophils bind to IgE (immunoglobulin E) to initiate histamine response
28
Q

Monocytes/Macrophages

A

monocytes - > macrophages

  • > the largest leukocyte
  • > these differentiate into macrophages within the tissues
  • > have the ability to destroy pathogens
29
Q

Megakaryocytes/Platelets

A
  • > MK occur through repeated mitosis of myeloid stem cells without cytokinesis (no splitting so cell keeps getting bigger and bigger)
  • > after formation, cytoplasmic extensions (bits of MK that break off) are sent into the sinusoid
  • > these extentions rupture and release platelets (key to initiating the formation of blood clots) into the bloodstream
30
Q

sinusoid

A

specialized capillaries found in the bone marrow

31
Q

Lymphocytes

A

T and B cells

  • > part of specific immune response
  • > range of 24-40% of total WBC count
32
Q

origin and life of hematopoietic stem cells

A
  • > originate in the yolk sac of the human embryo
  • > they migrate to the liver, where hematopoiesis occurs during fetal development
  • > after birth, the stem cells migrate to bone marrow and the pocess of hematopoiesis will soley occur in BM for the remainder of life
33
Q

hematopoietic stem cells/ hematopoiesis

A

hematopoietic stem cells

  • > stem cells that give rise to other blood cells

hematopoisis

  • > this process; formation of blood and plasma cells
34
Q

rate of erythropoiesis

A

around 2.5 million erythrocytes/ second

35
Q

lifespan of agranular vs granular WBC

A

*not including the formation and storage of “clone” cells*

agranular WBC

  • > 100-300 days

granular WBC

  • > 12 hrs-3days (depending on what pathogen is present)
36
Q

what stimulates the production of megakaryotes and platelets

A

a specific cytokinase, thrombopoietin is released from the liver and kidneys which stimulates the production of megakaryotes and platelets

37
Q

What stimulates the production of Neutrophils, eosinophils and monocytes

A

neutrophils

  • > the cytokine granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF)

Eosinophils and monocytes

  • > the cytokine granulocyte-conocyte colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF)
38
Q

When would it be beneficial to administer exogenous thrombopoietin or exogenous erythropoietin

A

thrombopoietin

useful for patients with decreased/low platelet concentrations

erythropoietin

useful for patients with low RBC count and poor oxygen carrying capacity

39
Q

Explain the ABO blood typing system

A

antigens = surface molecules that can involve immune response

40
Q

possible transfusion reactions

A
  1. recipient antibodies could attack donated blood (worst)
  2. antibodies in the donor plasma will attack recipients blood cells
  3. antibodies could form complexes (masses) with other antigens which will clog/stop blood filtrations of renal system, leading to increased renal pressure and kidney failure
41
Q

whats the difference between Rh+ and Rh- blood

A

Rh- lacks the RhO protein and Rh+ has it

  • > only around 15% of gen pop is Rh-
42
Q

what are Rh proteins

A

a family of plasma membrane surface erythrocyte antigens

43
Q

how can someone with Rh- blood be exposed to Rh+ blood

A
  1. during transfusion (rare)
  2. between mother and fetus
    - > maternal blood sharing between mother and fetus occurs especially during childbirth
44
Q

What will happen if a mother is Rh- and her 1st and second babies are Rh+

A

1st child

  • > not usually an issue as it takes a while for a mother to produce sufficient anti-Rh+ antibodies

2nd child

  • > the anti-Rh+ antibodies produced by the mother will treat the baby as a forign substance and destroy fetal blood cells
45
Q

what are the two processes of blood clotting

A
  1. formation of platelet plug
  2. blood coagulation
46
Q

blood stasis

A

that the blood is not flowing or circulating as optimally as it could to all parts of the body this causes clotting as blood has to be in continuous motion to maintain its viscosity

47
Q

explain the process of blood clotting

A
  • > blood clotting is initiated by the exposure of collagen within the walls of the blood vessel following BV damage
  • > this exposure of collagen releases a specific clotting factor (vonWillebrand’s factor) which causes platelets to become more “sticky” and they adhere to the collagen of the damage site
  • > once adhered, platelets release their secretory vesicles which result in further alteration of platelet surface (becomes even stickier)
  • > this forms a platelet plug, which is the start of a true clot/thrombus
  • > final thrombus is held together by fibrin

Human Physiology (9 decks)

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