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Y2C1 medical genetics > molecular mechanisms of necrosis and apotosis > Flashcards

molecular mechanisms of necrosis and apotosis Flashcards

Y2C1 1 question will be asked

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Biology 101 flashcards USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

____means non-programmed cell death caused by environmental or biological effects

A

necrosis

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2
Q

pathological changes for necrosis are____&_____

A

enzyme digestion and protein denaturation

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3
Q

____is physiological process that includes specific suicide signals leading to cell death

A

apoptosis

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4
Q

what happens during membrane injury ?

A

exit of enzymes rises(CPK, LDH)
Ca influx rises

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5
Q

what happens during intracellular release of lysosomal enzymes ?

A

basophilia lvl downgrades(RNP)
nuclear changes
protein digestion

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6
Q

apoptosis is part of______or______process

A

developmental or homeostatic process

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7
Q

what’s the main difference between apoptosis & necrosis ?

A

no inflammation occurs şn apoptosis

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8
Q

morphological features of necrosis
-loss of_______integrity
-begins with swelling of_____&_____
-Ends with total____,no_____formation, complete lysis
-_________of organelles

A

membrane integrity
mitochondria & cytoplasm
total cell lysis
no vesicle
disintegration(swelling) of organelles

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9
Q

morphological features of apoptosis
-membrane_____ but no loss of____
-begins with shrinking of_____& condensation of_____
-Ends with fragmentation of_____into smaller bodies
-mitochondria become____due to___formation
-Involving proteins of____family

A

blebbing(sağa sola çıkıntı yapmak)
intergrity
cytoplasm
nucleus
cells into smaller bodies
leaky, pore formation
bcl-2 family

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10
Q

biochemical features of necrosis
-loss of regulation of_______homeostasis
-no_____requirement
-random digestion of___
______DNA fragmentation

A

ion homeostasis
energy
DNA
postlytic

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11
Q

biochemical features of apoptosis

-tightly regulated process
-______dependent
-non-random mono and oligonucleosomal length fragmation of____(ladder type pattern)
-____DNA fragmentation
-release of various factors into_______by______
-Activation of____
alterations in______asymmetry

A

energy(ATP)
DNA
prelytic
cytoplasm by mitochondria
caspase cascade
membrane

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12
Q

physiological significance of necrosis
-Affects groups of____cells
-evoked by______disturbances
-phagocytosis by_______
-significant_______response

A

contiguous
non-physiological
macrophages
inflammatory

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13
Q

physiological significance of apoptosis
-affects____cells
-Induced by_____stimuli
-phagocytosis by_____cells or______
-no_____response

A

individual
physiological
adjacent of macrophages
no inflammatory

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14
Q

fundamental events in apoptosis is the activation of enzymes called_____

A

CASPASES

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15
Q

caspases are central______&______of apoptosis

A

central initiator & executioners

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16
Q

2 caspaces exists which are ?

A

cystine dependent aspartate specific proteases
cysteine proteases

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17
Q

caspases active cysteine residue in_____site

A

catalytic

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18
Q

caspases specifity in cleavage after an____residue

A

Asp

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19
Q

caspases synthesised as inactive_____

A

zymogens(procaspases)

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20
Q

Cyt c + Apaf activates caspase__ and then caspase__

A

1st caspase 9
2nd caspase 3

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21
Q

caspase-8 and 9 are_____caspaces

A

Initiator

22
Q

Initiator caspases cleave inactive pro-forms of____caspases

A

effector

23
Q

caspase-3 and 7 are____caspases

A

effector

24
Q

effector caspases cleave other____substrates within cell resulting in____process

A

protein
apoptotic

25
Q

caspases are synthesized as______enzyme

A

Inactive pro-enzyme

26
Q

In vivo substrates of effector caspases for nuclear are ?

A

lamins, p27kip and p21cip

27
Q

DNA related in vivo substrates of effector caspases are ?

A

PARP(poly-ADP-ribose polymerase)

28
Q

cytoplasmic in vivo substrates of effector caspases are ?

A

B-catenin and bcl-2

29
Q

________ neutralizing antibodies block apoptosis

A

cytochrome c

30
Q

cytrocrome c is abudant protein of inner_____membrane

A

mitochondria

31
Q

cytochrome c acts as an_______intermediate in mitochondria

A

ETS

32
Q

events of apoptotic activation lead to alterations in permability of_____membrane pore proteins and release of______

A

mitochondria
cytochrome c

33
Q

Initial release of cytochrome c occurs by highly specific process, involving proteins of____family

A

bcl-2

34
Q

___family prevents leakage of cytochrome c from mitochondria

A

BH3

35
Q

mitochondrial pathway is_____pathway

A

Intrinsic pathway

36
Q

death of receptor pathway is_____pathway(perforin/granzyme apoptosis pathway)

A

Extrinsic pathway

37
Q

Activation of BH3 only protein sensors results in activation of____channel in mitochondria

A

Bax/Bak channel

38
Q

Bax/bak channel activation leads to leakage of_____and other proteins

A

cytochrome c

39
Q

leakage of cytochrome c and other proteins from mitochondria leads to activation of_____

A

caspases

40
Q

adaptor protein(Apaf-1)+cytochrome c activates_______enzyme

A

Procaspase 9

41
Q

In extrinsic pathway apoptosis ____is death receptor for cell, if activated its fatal

A

FAS

42
Q

In extrinsic pathway of apoptosis FasL stands for ?

A

Fas ligand

43
Q

during extrinsic pathway of apoptosis Fas ligand(FasL) binds to____

A

Fas

44
Q

during extrinsic pathway of apoptosis Fas binds to_____

A

FADD known as adaptive protein

45
Q

during extrinsic pathway of apoptosis FADD adaptive protein activates_____enzyme

A

caspase-8

46
Q

IN intracellular activation of caspases, BCL2 family proteins can control apoptosis by regulating release of_____from_______

A

cytochrome c from mitochondrion

47
Q

In intracellular activation of caspases___promote release of cytochrome c from mitochondrion

A

BAD

48
Q

BCL2 was first identified as an_____, which showed importance of apoptosis in preventing cancers

A

oncogene

49
Q

____,_____,_____ are a-helical proteins having all 4 BH domains and are pro-survival

A

Bcl-2, Bcl-X, Bcl-w

50
Q

___&___lack BH4 domain and are pro-apoptotic

A

Bax & Bak

51
Q

____only sub group are strongly pro-apoptotic and include Bad, Bid, Bim which only have 18-residue BH3 domain

A

BH3

52
Q

BH3 include_____,_____,_____

A

Bad, Bid, Bim

Y2C1 medical genetics (2 decks)

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