molecular mechanisms of necrosis and apotosis

Question 1

____means non-programmed cell death caused by environmental or biological effects

Answer 1

necrosis

Question 2

pathological changes for necrosis are____&_____

Answer 2

enzyme digestion and protein denaturation

Question 3

____is physiological process that includes specific suicide signals leading to cell death

Answer 3

apoptosis

Question 4

what happens during membrane injury ?

Answer 4

exit of enzymes rises(CPK, LDH)
Ca influx rises

Question 5

what happens during intracellular release of lysosomal enzymes ?

Answer 5

basophilia lvl downgrades(RNP)
nuclear changes
protein digestion

Question 6

apoptosis is part of______or______process

Answer 6

developmental or homeostatic process

Question 7

what’s the main difference between apoptosis & necrosis ?

Answer 7

no inflammation occurs şn apoptosis

Question 8

morphological features of necrosis
-loss of_______integrity
-begins with swelling of_____&_____
-Ends with total____,no_____formation, complete lysis
-_________of organelles

Answer 8

membrane integrity
mitochondria & cytoplasm
total cell lysis
no vesicle
disintegration(swelling) of organelles

Question 9

morphological features of apoptosis
-membrane_____ but no loss of____
-begins with shrinking of_____& condensation of_____
-Ends with fragmentation of_____into smaller bodies
-mitochondria become____due to___formation
-Involving proteins of____family

Answer 9

blebbing(sağa sola çıkıntı yapmak)
intergrity
cytoplasm
nucleus
cells into smaller bodies
leaky, pore formation
bcl-2 family

Question 10

biochemical features of necrosis
-loss of regulation of_______homeostasis
-no_____requirement
-random digestion of___
______DNA fragmentation

Answer 10

ion homeostasis
energy
DNA
postlytic

Question 11

biochemical features of apoptosis

-tightly regulated process
-______dependent
-non-random mono and oligonucleosomal length fragmation of____(ladder type pattern)
-____DNA fragmentation
-release of various factors into_______by______
-Activation of____
alterations in______asymmetry

Answer 11

energy(ATP)
DNA
prelytic
cytoplasm by mitochondria
caspase cascade
membrane

Question 12

physiological significance of necrosis
-Affects groups of____cells
-evoked by______disturbances
-phagocytosis by_______
-significant_______response

Answer 12

contiguous
non-physiological
macrophages
inflammatory

Question 13

physiological significance of apoptosis
-affects____cells
-Induced by_____stimuli
-phagocytosis by_____cells or______
-no_____response

Answer 13

individual
physiological
adjacent of macrophages
no inflammatory

Question 14

fundamental events in apoptosis is the activation of enzymes called_____

Answer 14

CASPASES

Question 15

caspases are central______&______of apoptosis

Answer 15

central initiator & executioners

Question 16

2 caspaces exists which are ?

Answer 16

cystine dependent aspartate specific proteases
cysteine proteases

Question 17

caspases active cysteine residue in_____site

Answer 17

catalytic

Question 18

caspases specifity in cleavage after an____residue

Answer 18

Asp

Question 19

caspases synthesised as inactive_____

Answer 19

zymogens(procaspases)

Question 20

Cyt c + Apaf activates caspase__ and then caspase__

Answer 20

1st caspase 9
2nd caspase 3

Question 21

caspase-8 and 9 are_____caspaces

Answer 21

Initiator

Question 22

Initiator caspases cleave inactive pro-forms of____caspases

Answer 22

effector

Question 23

caspase-3 and 7 are____caspases

Answer 23

effector

Question 24

effector caspases cleave other____substrates within cell resulting in____process

Answer 24

protein
apoptotic

Question 25

caspases are synthesized as______enzyme

Answer 25

Inactive pro-enzyme

Question 26

In vivo substrates of effector caspases for nuclear are ?

Answer 26

lamins, p27kip and p21cip

Question 27

DNA related in vivo substrates of effector caspases are ?

Answer 27

PARP(poly-ADP-ribose polymerase)

Question 28

cytoplasmic in vivo substrates of effector caspases are ?

Answer 28

B-catenin and bcl-2

Question 29

________ neutralizing antibodies block apoptosis

Answer 29

cytochrome c

Question 30

cytrocrome c is abudant protein of inner_____membrane

Answer 30

mitochondria

Question 31

cytochrome c acts as an_______intermediate in mitochondria

Answer 31

ETS

Question 32

events of apoptotic activation lead to alterations in permability of_____membrane pore proteins and release of______

Answer 32

mitochondria cytochrome c

Question 33

Initial release of cytochrome c occurs by highly specific process, involving proteins of____family

Answer 33

bcl-2

Question 34

___family prevents leakage of cytochrome c from mitochondria

Answer 34

BH3

Question 35

mitochondrial pathway is_____pathway

Answer 35

Intrinsic pathway

Question 36

death of receptor pathway is_____pathway(perforin/granzyme apoptosis pathway)

Answer 36

Extrinsic pathway

Question 37

Activation of BH3 only protein sensors results in activation of____channel in mitochondria

Answer 37

Bax/Bak channel

Question 38

Bax/bak channel activation leads to leakage of_____and other proteins

Answer 38

cytochrome c

Question 39

leakage of cytochrome c and other proteins from mitochondria leads to activation of_____

Answer 39

caspases

Question 40

adaptor protein(Apaf-1)+cytochrome c activates_______enzyme

Answer 40

Procaspase 9

Question 41

In extrinsic pathway apoptosis ____is death receptor for cell, if activated its fatal

Answer 41

FAS

Question 42

In extrinsic pathway of apoptosis FasL stands for ?

Answer 42

Fas ligand

Question 43

during extrinsic pathway of apoptosis Fas ligand(FasL) binds to____

Answer 43

Fas

Question 44

during extrinsic pathway of apoptosis Fas binds to_____

Answer 44

FADD known as adaptive protein

Question 45

during extrinsic pathway of apoptosis FADD adaptive protein activates_____enzyme

Answer 45

caspase-8

Question 46

IN intracellular activation of caspases, BCL2 family proteins can control apoptosis by regulating release of_____from_______

Answer 46

cytochrome c from mitochondrion

Question 47

In intracellular activation of caspases___promote release of cytochrome c from mitochondrion

Answer 47

BAD

Question 48

BCL2 was first identified as an_____, which showed importance of apoptosis in preventing cancers

Answer 48

oncogene

Question 49

____,_____,_____ are a-helical proteins having all 4 BH domains and are pro-survival

Answer 49

Bcl-2, Bcl-X, Bcl-w

Question 50

___&___lack BH4 domain and are pro-apoptotic

Answer 50

Bax & Bak

Question 51

____only sub group are strongly pro-apoptotic and include Bad, Bid, Bim which only have 18-residue BH3 domain

Answer 51

BH3

Question 52

BH3 include_____,_____,_____

Answer 52

Bad, Bid, Bim