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Biology 30 > Molecular Genetics (unit 1) > Flashcards

Molecular Genetics (unit 1) Flashcards

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1
Q

Frederick Griffith

A

studied pathogenic bacteria, discovered the transforming principle

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2
Q

Friedrich Mieshcer

A

first to isolate DNA from the nucleus of white blood cells

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3
Q

what are nucleotides made up of?

A

a sugar, a phosphate and one of the 5 nitrogen nitrogen-containing bases

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4
Q

what is the transforming principle? (Frederick Griffith)

A

a substance that could be transferred from a non living to living cells, will cause the living cell to show or display characteristics of the non living cell.

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5
Q

what is Chargaffs rule?

A

that the nitrogen bases for DNA are always paired A=T and G=C

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6
Q

which is single stranded and which is double stranded? (Purines and Pyrimidines)

A

Purine is double
Pyrimidines are single

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7
Q

which nitrogen bases in DNA are purines?

A

adenine and thymine - this means that they are two-carbon nitrogen ring bases

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8
Q

which nitrogen bases in DNA are pyrimidines?

A

guanine, cytosine, and uracil - this means that they are one-carbon nitrogen ring bases

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9
Q

what are considered the “backbones” of the double helix and what is considered the “ladder”?

A

the backbones are classified as the sugar and the phosphate, while the nitrogen bases make the ladder.

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10
Q

what is the sugar in nucleotides called?

A

deoxyribose (5 carbon sugar)

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11
Q

what are the 4 nitrogen bases only found in DNA?

A

adenine, thymine, guanine and cytosine

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12
Q

what does RNA contain that differs from DNA?

A

uracil in place of thymine (NO T’S IN RNA’S)

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13
Q

why do DNA strands run antiparallel to one another?

A

one represents the leading strand, while the other represents the lagging, which comes into play during dna replication

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14
Q

what phase does DNA replication take place during in the cell?

A

the synthesis phase

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15
Q

when does the process of DNA replication begin?

A

when the strand becomes too large, therefore making it difficult for the cell to do it’s job properly

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16
Q

DNA contains one strand of the ______ DNA molecule and one new ________ strand

A

original, parent

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17
Q

what are absolutely required to make DNA replication possible?

A

enzymes

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18
Q

a group of unwinding enzymes called ______ bind to the DNA at the replication origin and unravel the double helix

A

helicase

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19
Q

______ is used to make a short segment of RNA primers which is used to get the replication process started

A

primase

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20
Q

_________ is responsible for elongation of the new DNA strand at the replication fork

A

DNA polymerase

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21
Q

what direction does the leading strand run from?

A

5’ to 3’ which is also continuous

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22
Q

what direction does the lagging strand run from?

A

3’ to 5’ which is noncontinuous and grows in fragments called Okazaki fragments

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23
Q

__________ also removes the RNA primers and replaces with DNA to then fill the gaps between the okazaki fragments

A

DNA polymerase

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24
Q

what are mistakes in DNA replication that are NOT repaired?

A

mutations

25
Q

proteins are made up of subunits called what?

A

amino acids

26
Q

the order of nucleotides in DNA is known as what?

A

genetic code

27
Q

short segments of protein are called what?

A

polypeptides

28
Q

how many nucleotide bases are used to define/make up an amino acid?

A

3

29
Q

The Central Dogma

A

a DNA strand undergoes transcription into a RNA and then undergoes translation into a new code that will make up a protein

30
Q

DNA does not leave the nucleus, therefore will need a copy of the DNA to make proteins, what is this called?

A

messenger RNA (mRNA)

31
Q

the template strand in transcription is also known as what?

A

RNA polymerase

32
Q

in transcription, when it comes to RNA what are the new pairings of the nucleotide bases?

A

adenine=uracil, guanine=cytosine

33
Q

in RNA the sugar backbone is no longer deoxyribose, instead, it is what?

A

ribose

34
Q

_____ is used to make RNA

A

RNA polymerase

35
Q

DNA contains sections called introns and exons, what are they for?

A

exons: protein codings
introns: non protein codings

36
Q

the mRNA is moved to the _______ where it is used for _______

A

cytoplasm, protein synthesis

37
Q

what is translation for?

A

the process in which proteins are created using the genetic code that was copied onto the mRNA during transcription

38
Q

what is a codon or triplet?

A

the sequence of 3 nitrogen bases making up a genetic code, also known as a triplet

39
Q

where does translation take place?

A

ribosomes

40
Q

what is an anticodon?

A

sequence of 3 nucleotides in tRNA molecules to compliment a codon in mRNA

41
Q

what do anticodons do?

A

they ensure that the correct amino acid is inserted onto the polypeptide

42
Q

what are point mutations?

A

a chem. change that involves one or a few nucleotides in a single gene

43
Q

what are chromosomal mutations?

A

ones that affect an entire chromosome or large parts of a chromosome

44
Q

what are mutagens? (two types)

A

there are chemical and physical, and are agents that interact with DNA to cause mutations

45
Q

what is recombinant DNA?

A

contains dna from 2 different sources

46
Q

what is DNA cloning?

A

the process of making a genetically identical copy of a gene or organism

47
Q

what is the role of ligase in DNA replication?

A

to glue fragments of dna together to create a continuous strand

48
Q

what are restriction enzymes and where are they found?

A

they are usually found in bacteria. used as defence mechanisms, and their role is to cut up intruding DNA from other organisms

49
Q

what is the role of ligase in the context of restricting enzymes?

A

they are used to rejoin the sticky ends of DNA that were cut up by restriction enzymes

50
Q

what is a polypeptide?

A

a chain of amino acids

51
Q

what is point mutation?

A

a chemical change that involves one or a few nucleotides in a single gene

52
Q

what types of point mutation fall under substitution?

A

silent, missense and nonsense

53
Q

what types of point mutation fall under insertion and deletions?

A

addition or loss of one or more nucleotide pairs in a gene

54
Q

what is silent mutation?

A

they have no effect on the protein they are coded for

55
Q

what is missense point mutation?

A

mutations which will code for an amino acid that make sense, but not necessarily the right sense

56
Q

what are nonsense mutations?

A

if the substitution changes the amino acid codon into a stop signal, this results in non functional proteins.

57
Q

define recombinant DNA

A

containing DNA from two different sources

58
Q

define DNA cloning

A

the transfer of DNA fragments from one organism to a self replicating genetic element such as bacterial plasmid

Biology 30 (4 decks)

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