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Biology 30 > Mendelian Genetics (unit 2) > Flashcards

Mendelian Genetics (unit 2) Flashcards

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1
Q

monohybrid cross?

A

a mating of two true breeding individuals tracking a SINGLE character/trait

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2
Q

what are true breeding parents referred to as?

A

P generation (for parental)

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3
Q

the hybrid offspring of true breeding parents is referred to as?

A

F1 (first filial)

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4
Q

mating the F1 generation produced the _____ generation

A

F2 (second filial)

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5
Q

what happens to the F1 generation during a monohybrid cross?

A

all offspring will resemble the dominant trait

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6
Q

what happens to the F2 generation during a monohybrid cross?

A

the recessive trait will reappear

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7
Q

what is the ratio for the F2 generation in a monohybrid cross?

A

3:1

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8
Q

what is the difference between mono and dihybrid crosses?

A

in a monohybrid cross, mendel followed and studied one trait, while in a dihybrid cross, he followed two

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9
Q

what is a dihybrid cross?

A

the mating of two heterozygous individuals for two traits

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10
Q

what is the ratio for a dihybrid cross?

A

9:3:3:1

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11
Q

how can you solve a dihybrid cross?

A

a punnett square

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12
Q

incomplete dominance? (ex: red and white flower phenotypes produce pink)

A

the lack of a dominant gene, where an offspring is able to show an appearance in between the phenotype of the two parents

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13
Q

phenotype?

A

the appearance of an organism (ex: white coloured flowers)

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14
Q

what is a genotype?

A

the genetic makeup of an organism

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15
Q

what are heterozygous vs. homozygous alleles?

A

heterozygous: Aa or aA
homozygous: AA or aa

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16
Q

codominance (ex: red hair on a cattle (HrHr) is codominant to white (HwHw))

A

when both alleles are found in the phenotype of the offspring

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17
Q

multiple alleles

A

multiple alleles is when the followed traits have more then two allelic forms (ex: blood types A, B and O)

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18
Q

test cross?

A

an experiment to determine the genotype of an individual with a dominant phenotype

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19
Q

what two genotypes can an individual with a dominant phenotype have? (test cross)

A

homozygous dominant (AA) or heterozygous (Aa)

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20
Q

what do you cross the individual with to perform a test cross?

A

homozygous recessive individual (aa)

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21
Q

if the offspring all show the dominant trait, what is the genotype of the tested individual? (test cross)

A

homozygous dominant (AA)

22
Q

if some offspring show the recessive trait, what is the genotype of the tested individual? (test cross)

A

heterozygous (Aa)

23
Q

what is the expected ratio of dominant to recessive offspring if the tested individual is heterozygous (Aa)? (test cross)

A

1:1 half dominant half recessive

24
Q

genetics is the study of ___________ of _________ from parents to offspring

A

transmission of characteristics

25
Q

heredity is the passing of ______ from parents to offspring

A

traits

26
Q

what did aristotle believe?

A

that traits were passed through the bloodline

27
Q

what did gregor mendel preform experiments on?

A

garden peas

28
Q

allele

A

alternate forms of a gene controlling a given characteristic

29
Q

homozygous

A

having a pair of identical alleles (ex: TT or tt)

30
Q

heterozygous

A

having two different alleles for a character/trait (Tt or tT)

31
Q

cross

A

the mating of two organisms

32
Q

are true breeding parents (P generation) always homozygous or heterozygous to start?

A

homozygous (AA or aa)

33
Q

if you had a punnet square and the results gave RR, Rr, Rr, rr, what would the genotypes be? and what would the phenotype summary be?

A

25% homologous dominant, 50% heterozygous, 25% homologous recessive. the phenotypes would be 50/50

34
Q

incomplete dominance

A

the lack of a dominant gene

35
Q

what will the offspring show when an incomplete dominance occurs?

A

an appearance in between the phenotypes of parents (ex: red colour flowers, white colour flowers, show pink)

36
Q

in incomplete dominance, both ____ interact to produce a new phenotype known as ______

A

genes, intermediate dominance

37
Q

genes are the genetic make up, meaning they represent _______ letters, whereas alleles will represent just _____ letter (ex: AA vs A)

A

both, one

38
Q

codominance

A

both alleles being found in the phenotype of the offspring

39
Q

how do we represent blood typing?

A

I small a I small a for A, I small b I small b for B, I small a I small b for AB and lastly two small i’s for O

40
Q

sex linked inheritance

A

trait passed down through genes on the sex chromosomes.

41
Q

since men only have 1 X chromosome, are they more or less likely to show that trait passed down on the X chromosome?

A

more likely.

42
Q

are females or males carriers of x linked traits?

A

females only

43
Q

purpose of a pedigree analysis

A

used to look back into your ancestors to determine whether or not you might be a carrier for a genetic disease

44
Q

what are autosomal?

A

the first 44 chromosomes, genetic makeup

45
Q

how many sex linked chromies?

A

the last 2, XX female, XY male

46
Q

genetic recombination

A

when DNA is shuffled between chromosomes to make new combinations of alleles

47
Q

when does crossing over occur?

A

prophase of meiosis 1

48
Q

the ______ the recombination %, the _________ the genes are on the chromosome

A

higher, farther apart

49
Q

a linkage map is a genetic map based on ____________________

A

recombination frequencies

50
Q

recombinant dna

A

combining genetic material from two different sources

51
Q

law of segregation

A

during the formation of gametes, two copies of each gene separate so that each gamete carries only one copy, offspring inherit one gene from each parent

Biology 30 (4 decks)

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