Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

H Biology > Molecular Genetics Test > Flashcards

Molecular Genetics Test Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Frederick Griffith
(Transforming Principle)

A

Discovered that a substance from dead bacteria of one strain could transform genetic properties of a living strain of another type.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
1
Q

Oswald Avery

A

Building on Griffith’s work, Avery showed that only DNA from dead bacteria could convert live bacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Hershey & Chase

A

Used bacteriophages (viruses that infect bacteria) to prove that DNA is genetic material. Labeled both DNA and Protein with a radioactive substance (DNA-phosphorus-32/Protein-Sulfur-35), and used the radioactivity to see that DNA entered the bacterial cells, but not protein.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Meselson & Stahl
(DNA Replication)

A

Proved that DNA replication is semi-conservative, and that each new DNA molecule consisted of one old strand and one new strand

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Chargaff’s Rules

A

Amount of Adenine = Amount of Thymine
Amount of Cytosine = Amount of Guanine
Hinted towards paring of bases in DNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Franklin & Wilkins

A

Franklin’s X-ray Crystallography work (Photo-51) displayed the helical structure of DNA. Wilkins is also regarded for his work analyzing photo 51

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Waston & Crick

A

Built a model structure of DNA. Proposed two oppositely running

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Parts of a Nucleotide

A

Phosphate Group, Pentose Sugar, Nitrogenous Base

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Chemical bond within atoms in a nucleotide

A

Covalent Bond

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Bonds that hold multiple polynucleotide chains together

A

Hydrogen Bonds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Chemical bond within between nucleotides of a single polynucleotide chain

A

Phosphodiester Bond

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

DNA is a double helix of ___-_____ polynucleotide chains held together by hydrogen bonds

A

Anti Parallel

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

DNA -> mRNA (occurs first)

A

transcription

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

mRNA -> polypeptide (occurs second)

A

translation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Main copying enzyme for DNA/Chromosomal replication

A

DNA Polymerase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Origin of Replication

A

Where DNA replication begins and DNA begins to unwind the helix

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Helicase

A

Enzyme that unwinds DNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Replication Fork

A

Where new DNA is unzipped and new DNA is synthesized, Y-shaped structure composed of leading and lagging stands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Leading Strand

A

Synthesized continuously in the direction of the replication fork. Nucleotides are added to the leading strand in a 5’ to 3’ direction, by DNA polymerase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Lagging Strand

A

Synthesized discontinuously in the opposite direction of the replication fork. Made of Okazaki Fragments. (5’ to 3’ as well)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Okazaki Fragments

A

Pieces of lagging strand, which eventually are joined together by DNA ligase to form a continuous strand (though does NOT form a leading strand as it goes the opposite direction)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

DNA replication in Prokaryotes

A

One origin of replication on a circular DNA molecule. Faster replication.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

DNA replication in Eukaryotes

A

Multiple origin of replication on a linear DNA molecule. Slower replication. Have telomeres at the end of DNA strand.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Telomere

A

Protein at the end of a eukaryotic chromosome which protects the chromosome and aids in aging.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Transcription

A

The process of making a copy of the message on a DNA template strand (AKA making mRNA)

25
Q

Transcription Process:
Initiation

A

RNA polymerase binds to the “promoter”, which signals the DNA to unwind so the enzyme can read the base. The enzyme is now ready to make a complementary strand of mRNA.

26
Q

Transcription Process:
Elongation

A

A complementary strand is synthesized by RNA polymerase as it moves along the template strand.

27
Q

Transcription Process:
Termination

A

RNA polymerase reaches its end point, “the terminator”, and transcription ends.

28
Q

Translation

A

Translating the message from the mRNA into a polypeptide chain/protein. Aided by tRNA and Ribosomes

29
Q

Translation Process:
Initiation

A

Small ribosomal sub-unit binds to mRNA at the 5’ cap. The ribosome scans the mRNA until it reaches the start codon (AUG/methionine). The initiator tRNA binds to the anticodon of the start codon in the P site. Large ribosomal subunit assembles, completing the ribosome.

30
Q

Translation Process:
Elongation

A

Codon recognition occurs in the A site. tRNA brings an amino acid, a peptide bond is then formed. (Translation occurs->) The ribosome moves one codon down the mRNA, tRNA shifts through A, P, and E sites. The empty tRNA in the E site is then released.

31
Q

Translation Process:
Termination

A

The ribosome reaches a stop codon. The polypeptide chain is released from the tRNA. Ribosomal subunit and tRNA dissociate.

32
Q

Ribosomes

A

Large and Small subunit. Made of rRNA and proteins. Consists of A, P, and E sites.

33
Q

A site
(First Binding site)

A

Holds tRNA carrying the next amino acid to one added to the polypeptide chain

34
Q

P site
(Second Binding Site)

A

Holds tRNA with the growing polypeptide chain

35
Q

E site
(Exit)

A

Where discharged tRNA leave the ribosome

36
Q

Gene Expression

A

Gene -> Protein -> Trait

37
Q

Introns
(Only eukaryotic)

A

Non-coding sections of DNA. Are cut out by protein substrate complex

38
Q

Exons
(Only eukaryotic)

A

Coding sections of DNA. Spliced together by protein substrate complex. 5’ cap and ploy A tail. Once spliced together, capped and tailed, it exons become mature mRNA.

39
Q

Griffith and Avery mice

A

Dead S-bacteria transformed live R-bacteria into live S-bacteria. Didn’t add nucleases, found out DNA was the transforming factor which transformed live R into live S

40
Q

Watson & Crick

A

Model building guys, first was bad, but they improved

41
Q

Missense
(Substitution form of Mutation)

A

Substitution resulting in a codon coding for a different amino acid

42
Q

Silent
(Substitution form of Mutation)

A

Substitution resulting in a codon coding for the same amino acid

43
Q

Nonsense
(Substitution form of Mutation)

A

Substitution resulting in a codon coding for a stop codon, which effectively ruins the protein synthesis

44
Q

Addition/Deletion

A

Result in the adding or deleting of a nucleotide, have more drastic effects than substitution (other than nonsense subs).

45
Q

Frameshift Mutation

A

Caused by addition/deletion. Disrupts the amino acid sequence and can potentially render a protein useless.

46
Q

Restriction Enzymes

A

Enzymes in archaea and bacteria that recognize specific DNA sequences. REs split DNA at the specific region that they recognize. They are very important for gene cloning and genetic engineering.

47
Q

Cleavage site
(restriction enzymes)

A

Once the RE recognizes it’s sequences, it slices the DNA at it’s recognition site

48
Q

Recognition sequence
(restriction enzymes)

A

REs usually recognize a sequence consisting of 4-8 nucleotides. The sequences are always palindromic (the same forward and backwards)

49
Q

Restriction Fragment

A

The resulting DNA fragment from the slicing of the Restriction Enzyme

50
Q

Sticky Ends

A

The part of the restriction fragment which looks like the hand to a cleaver
(visualize it)

51
Q

Recombinant DNA

A

DNA molecules formed from two segments of DNA often from different species

52
Q

3 factors that contribute to successful transformation of bacteria in the lab with a given plasmid

A

Using young bacteria
Using cacl2 solution
Heat shock

53
Q

How does one know whether or not a plasmid has been taken up by a bacterium using antibiotics?

A

Bacteria without a plasmid will die

54
Q

How was this technology used in the pGLO lab?

A

We used cacl2, Petri dishes, ampicillin and arabinose, UV lights, and a stick in the process of introducing pGLO to the E. coli

55
Q

What are some practical applications of this technology?

A

Insulin for people with diabetes, growth hormone, GMO food

56
Q

Understand how gel electrophoresis is used to separate DNA fragments of different size

A

DNA fragments (negatively charged) migrate towards positive electrodes. Smaller fragments move faster and further than large ones

57
Q

Use of reverse transcriptase to make a copy of an eukaryotic gene without the introns

A

Reverse transcriptase converts mRNA into complementary DNA

58
Q

PCR (polymerase chain reaction)

A

Can be used to make many copies of a segment of DNA

59
Q

Repressor protein

A

prevents expression of genes

60
Q
A

H Biology (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions