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Exam #2 Biology 214 > Molecular Genetics > Flashcards

Molecular Genetics Flashcards

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1
Q

what is DNA composed of?

A

two long chains of deoxynucleotides;

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2
Q

What are each deoxynucleotides composed of?

A

contain a sugar deoxyribose, which has a phosphate group attached to the 5’ carbon and a nitrogenous base attached to the 1’ carbon.

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3
Q

What is the shape of DNA?

A

A double helix. a sugar of one deoxynucleotide is linked to the phosphate group of the next deoxynucleotide by a covalent bond, creates sugar-phosphate chain to form each “side of ladder” Also complementary base pairs are held together by hydrogen bonds that form “rungs of the ladder”

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4
Q

What do you call the two chains that make up the DNA double helix?

A

antiparallel - one chain is oriented from 5’to 3’ and the other chain is oriented from 3’ to 5’.

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5
Q

Define Unwinding for DNA.

A

An enzyme breaks the hydrogen bonds that hold complementary base pairs together (“unzipping” DNA). Each “parent” strand of the DNA double helix gets used as a template in order to synthesize a new, complementary “daughter”strand of DNA.

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6
Q

Define Pairing for DNA.

A

Free deoxynucleotides in the nucleoplasm form hydrogen bonds with deoxynucleotides on each template to create complementary base pairs.

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7
Q

Define Joining for DNA

A

Deoxynucleotides attached to the template are joined together by covalent bonds to form a “daughter” strand that is complementary to its “parent” strand template.

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8
Q

What is the definition of semiconservative?

A

replicated DNA molecule consists of one original “parent” strand plus one newly synthesized complementary “daughter” strand.

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9
Q

Why are errors in DNA replication very rare?

A

because enzymes “proofread” the daughter strand and correct mistakes in complementary base pairing.

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10
Q

What is a RNA composed of?

A

one chain of ribonucleotides; and each ribonucleotide contains the sugar ribose, which has a phosphate group attached to the 5’ carbon and a nitrogenous base attached to the 1’ carbon.

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11
Q

What is the structure of RNA?

A

long, single strand, or a twisted structure with hairpin loops.

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12
Q

What are the 3 types of RNA?

A

Messenger RNA, Ribosomal RNA, and Transfer RNA.

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13
Q

what is the function of messenger RNA (mRNA)?

A

carries coded genetic information from the DNA in the nucleus to ribosomes in the cytoplasm.

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14
Q

What is the function of ribosomal RNA (rRNA)?

A

holds ribosomes subunits together during protein synthesis.

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15
Q

What is the function of transfer RNA (tRNA)?

A

binds to a specific amino acid in the cytoplasm and delivers it to a ribosome to be incorporated into a growing polypeptide.

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16
Q

Where does the most protein synthesis take place?

A

In the cytoplasm of the cell

17
Q

Why can DNA not leave the nucleus?

A

It is too large.

18
Q

Define Transcription.

A

the process by which genetic information that is stored in DNA is copied into a strand of messenger RNA (mRNA).

19
Q

Define Unwinding for DNA.

A

when an enzyme binds to the DNA double helix at the site of the relevant gene and breaks the hydrogen bonds between complementary base pairs to separate the two strands.

20
Q

What is the sense strand?

A

It is one strand from complementary base pairs because its sequence of deoxynucleotides contains coded into that “makes sense” for synthesizing a protein.

21
Q

What is the template strand?

A

the other strand of the complementary base pair. Because it will be transcribed into molecule of messenger RNA.

22
Q

Define Pairing for RNA.

A

when free ribonucleotides in the nucleoplasm form hydrogen bonds with deoxynucleotides on the template strand to create complementary base pairs.

23
Q

Define Joining for RNA.

A

ribonucleotides attached to the template are joined together by covalent bonds to form a molecule of pre-RNA.

24
Q

After transcription is completed what happens?

A

the two strands of DNA are rejoined and the mRNA passes out of the nucleus and into the cytoplasm where translation will occur.

25
Q

How are amino acids linked together?

A

They are linked together in the correct sequence to synthesize a protein. the four ribonucleotides that make up mRNA must somehow specify 20 different amino acids that are used in protein synthesis.

26
Q

What are the three consecutive ribonucleotides in mRNA?

A

They create a codon. Single codon, several codon, and then 3 “stop codons” that half protein synthesis.

27
Q

Is the genetic code redundant or ambiguous

A

It is redundant and never ambiguous.

28
Q

Define Translation.

A

the process by which the genetic information that was coded into mRNA gets converted into a protein.

29
Q

What is the first step in Translation?

A

the two ribosome subunits bind to mRNA and search for the start codon (AUG) in order.

30
Q

What is the second step in Translation?

A

a molecule of tRNA brings the amino acid methionine to the “start codon”

31
Q

What is an anticodon?

A

when tRNA has a sequence of three ribonucleotides.

32
Q

What is the third step in Translation?

A

Additional tRNA molecules bring their amino acids to the ribosome according to the codons in the mRNA strand.

33
Q

What is a polypeptide?

A

when amino acids are linked together by peptide bonds.

34
Q

What is the final step in Translation?

A

mRNA gets translated one codon at a time until a “stop” codon is recognized.

35
Q

What is the Post-Translational modification?

A

when the polypeptide (primary level of protein synthesis) will coil and/or fold into its secondary and tertiary structures and may combined with other polypeptides to form the quaternary structure.

36
Q

Where will protein’s be used and what are they synthesized?

A

they are used in the cell’s cytosol and synthesized by free ribosomes.

37
Q

What synthesizes the protein that is exported out of the cell?

A

the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum and is modified by the Golgi Complex.

38
Q

What may happen before the final protein is packaged up?

A

amino acids may be removed, di-sulfide bridges may be formed, or carbohydrates may be added.

Exam #2 Biology 214 (8 decks)

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