Molecular Genetics Flashcards
Name the three parts of a nucleotide.
Phosphate group, Nucleo-ribose group and a nitrogenous base.
Describe the structure of DNA.
Chains of nucleotides that are anti parallel to one another, and connect to form a double helix spiral.
Name differences between DNA and RNA.
DNA is longer, DNA codes for all things, and DNA stays in the nucleus.
RNA is Small, has only the necessary code and moves between membranes. Thymine is only in DNA and Urine is only in RNA.
Other various differences…
What is the process of DNA replication?
The DNA splits then the tools create anti parallel copies of the split DNA.
What starts the process of DNA replication?
He locate opens the DNA in the Origins.
What puts the original PRIMER in the DNA?
Primate connects to one part of the nucleotide strand and sets down a primer for DNA polymerase 3.
What actually does the replication in DNA replication?
DNA polymerase 3
When DNA replication from DNA polymerase three is done what takes the primer off and adds DNA?
DNA polymerase 1
What fixes the sugar phosphate bonds in the DNA backbone?
Ligase
What goes over the DNA molecules after replication and fixes any mistakes?
DNA polymerase 2
What has to happen first before protein synthesis can happen?
The mRNA has to be made from the DNA.
What is the initiation step of protein synthesis?
The ribosome subunit goes to the initiation site on mRNA.
What are the three sites on the ribosome subunit?
P A and E
What do the three codon sites of the ribosome subunit do?
The p site lines up the right amino acids.
The a site is where the amino acids get ready.
The e site is where they exit.
A->P->E
What are the three steps in the elongation phase of translation?
Large subunit of the ribosome enters over the first strand of DNA.
Then it adds tRNA strands.
Pulls the tRNA away forming a protein.
Explain what happens in the termination phase of translation?
The mRNA sends a termination signal telling the tRNA that there is no more spots open.
Why should multiple ribosomes work on a mRNA at once?
It gets more proteins done faster.
What shape are tRNA molecules?
Cloverleaf shape
What are some tools used in genetic engineering?
Restriction enzyme and vector
Define bacterial transformation
Placing a gene from another species into a bacterial cell
What is the purpose of bacterial transformation?
Mass production of a protein, using a bacterial cell as a vector
What are the steps for bacterial transformation?
Extract and isolate bacterial plasmid, Extract and isolate Gene to be cloned, Choose appropriate restriction enzyme Expose plasmid to restriction enzyme, expose gene to restriction enzyme, combine plasmid and gene in the presence of a ligase, insert plasmid back into bacterial cells, select for transform bacteria
What is genetic engineering?
Genetically changing an organism by putting a gene from another species into it.
What is an example of genetic engineering in GMO’s
Putting tuna genes into a tomato plants in order to get a better tomato.
