Molecular Genetics

Question 0

Name the three parts of a nucleotide.

Answer 0

Phosphate group, Nucleo-ribose group and a nitrogenous base.

Question 1

Describe the structure of DNA.

Answer 1

Chains of nucleotides that are anti parallel to one another, and connect to form a double helix spiral.

Question 2

Name differences between DNA and RNA.

Answer 2

DNA is longer, DNA codes for all things, and DNA stays in the nucleus.
RNA is Small, has only the necessary code and moves between membranes. Thymine is only in DNA and Urine is only in RNA.
Other various differences…

Question 3

What is the process of DNA replication?

Answer 3

The DNA splits then the tools create anti parallel copies of the split DNA.

Question 4

What starts the process of DNA replication?

Answer 4

He locate opens the DNA in the Origins.

Question 5

What puts the original PRIMER in the DNA?

Answer 5

Primate connects to one part of the nucleotide strand and sets down a primer for DNA polymerase 3.

Question 6

What actually does the replication in DNA replication?

Answer 6

DNA polymerase 3

Question 7

When DNA replication from DNA polymerase three is done what takes the primer off and adds DNA?

Answer 7

DNA polymerase 1

Question 8

What fixes the sugar phosphate bonds in the DNA backbone?

Answer 8

Ligase

Question 9

What goes over the DNA molecules after replication and fixes any mistakes?

Answer 9

DNA polymerase 2

Question 10

What has to happen first before protein synthesis can happen?

Answer 10

The mRNA has to be made from the DNA.

Question 11

What is the initiation step of protein synthesis?

Answer 11

The ribosome subunit goes to the initiation site on mRNA.

Question 12

What are the three sites on the ribosome subunit?

Answer 12

P A and E

Question 13

What do the three codon sites of the ribosome subunit do?

Answer 13

The p site lines up the right amino acids.
The a site is where the amino acids get ready.
The e site is where they exit.
A->P->E

Question 14

What are the three steps in the elongation phase of translation?

Answer 14

Large subunit of the ribosome enters over the first strand of DNA.
Then it adds tRNA strands.
Pulls the tRNA away forming a protein.

Question 15

Explain what happens in the termination phase of translation?

Answer 15

The mRNA sends a termination signal telling the tRNA that there is no more spots open.

Question 16

Why should multiple ribosomes work on a mRNA at once?

Answer 16

It gets more proteins done faster.

Question 17

What shape are tRNA molecules?

Answer 17

Cloverleaf shape

Question 18

What are some tools used in genetic engineering?

Answer 18

Restriction enzyme and vector

Question 19

Define bacterial transformation

Answer 19

Placing a gene from another species into a bacterial cell

Question 20

What is the purpose of bacterial transformation?

Answer 20

Mass production of a protein, using a bacterial cell as a vector

Question 21

What are the steps for bacterial transformation?

Answer 21

Extract and isolate bacterial plasmid,
Extract and isolate Gene to be cloned,
Choose appropriate restriction enzyme
Expose plasmid to restriction enzyme, 
expose gene to restriction enzyme, 
combine plasmid and gene in the presence of a ligase, 
insert plasmid back into bacterial cells, 
select for transform bacteria

Question 22

What is genetic engineering?

Answer 22

Genetically changing an organism by putting a gene from another species into it.

Question 23

What is an example of genetic engineering in GMO’s

Answer 23

Putting tuna genes into a tomato plants in order to get a better tomato.

Question 24

What are the main applications of genetic engineering?

Answer 24

Agriculture, medical fields