Molecular Genetics Flashcards
Refers to the material that stores genetic information of an organism.
Genetic material
Found in the nucleus and mitochondria of the cell. In the nucleus they packed into chromosome.
Genetic material
It is continuously replicated in order to pass the genetic information throughout generation
Genetic material
Consist of nucleic acids that are found in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes
Genetic material
Also known as genome a complete set of DNA (genes) in an organism.
Genetic material
Strong acids found in the nuclei of the cell
Nucleic acids
They are organic molecules composed of polymers of nucleotides.
Nucleic acids
Serve as storage and retrieval of informational molecules.
Nucleic acids
Types of nucleic acids
DNA and RNA.
Nucleotide composition
Nitrogenous bases
Sugar
Phosphate
Nitrogen bases (aromatic amines)
Types
Purines
Pyrimidines
double ring structure (adenine and guanine).
Purines
single ring structure
( cytosine, thymine and uracil).
Pyrimidines
Nitrogen bases+ sugar=
nucleoside
Phosphates+ nitrogen bases+sugar=
nucleotides
Polymers of nucleotides=
nucleic ACIDS (DNA OR RNA).
forms the backbone of nucleic acids
Sugar and phosphates
double stranded helical form
DNA
The 2 strands are anti-parallel to each other (5’-3’ direction) and (3’-5’ direction)
DNA
composed of alternating phosphate and sugar
DNA
DNA is located in the?
nucleus and mitochondria
carry, stores and transmit genetic instructions (genes)
DNA
first discovered the DNA in a white blood cells
Johannes Friedrich Miescher
describe the double helix strucuture of DNA
James Watson and Francis Crick
TYPES of DNA
Nuclear DNA
Mitochondrial DNA
Found inside the nucleus of the cell
Linear in shape
Contains 20,000-25, 000 genes (Human genome project)
Nuclear DNA
A very long strands (2 meters in length)
Present in 46 chromosomes and inherited from both parents.
Nuclear DNA
Responsible for the genetic make-up of human.
Nuclear DNA
Circular in structure.
Consist only of 37 genes which make it shorter than genomic DNA.
Mitochondrial DNA
Found in the mitochondria of the cell
Mitochondrial DNA
Found in 1 chromosome and inherited from the mother only.
Mitochondrial DNA
Location of RNA?
cytoplasm
single stranded helical form. Strand runs from 5’ to 3’ direction
RNA
carries the code from DNA for making a specific protein. most regulate the gene expression.
RNA
Types of RNA
Coding RNA
Non-coding RNA
Gene regulation RNA
micro RNA (miRNA)
small interefering RNA (siRNA)
Piwi-interacting RNA (piRNA)
long non-coding RNA (lncRNA)
Involved in maturation of RNA and protein synthesis
(house keeper)
transfer RNA
ribosomal RNA
small nuclear RNA
small nucleolar RNA
Carries the genetic information from the nucleus to the ribosome for protein synthesis. It is transcribed from DNA.
The strand runs from 5’ to 3’ direction which serves as template for prtein synthesis (translation).
Nucleotides in mRNA are arranged into CODONS (3 base pairs) that correspond to a specific amino acid.
Messenger RNA
Carries the specific amino acid at the site of protein synthesis.
Clover-leaf like appearance.
It has the ANTICODON region that can base pair with the codon on mRNA.
Transfer RNA
RNA attached to the ribosome and form the site of protein synthesis.
Organize in 2 ribosomal sub units
Large ribosomal subunit
Small ribosomal subunit
Ribosomal RNA
16-17 nucleotides in length Short non-coding RNA
micro RNA-
made up greater than 200 nucleotides (1,000-10,000)
Long non-coding RN
involved in maturation in RNA through the process of splicing. found in the nucleaus.
small nuclear RNA-
involved in the process of rRNA maturation. found in the nucleolus.
small nucleolar RNA-
20-24 nucleotides in lenght double stranded RNA. Short non-coding RNA
small-interfering RNA
24-31 nucleotides in lenght. found im sperm cells Short non-coding RNA
piwi-inreacting RNA-
these RNA regulate or control gene expression (protein synthesis) through gene silencing, interfering pre transcription and post transcription process and epigenetics regulators.
Regulatory non-coding RNA
An explantion of the flow of genetic information within the biological system.
Central dogma of molecular biology
it details the transfer of infromation in a sequential manner.
Central dogma of molecular biology
Central dogma of molecular biology
DNA contain the genetic information or instruction and it is replicated in nucleus of the cell.
Transcription is the process of transcribing (copying) the genetic information from DNA and mRNA
Translation is the process of translating (decoding) the genetic information encoded in mRNA to make a specific protein
1-1.5 % (approximately 80 million DNA nucleotide) is unique to every person.
composed of 20,000-25,000 genes.
DNA protein-coding genes
initially considered as “junk DNA”
DNA non-coding genes (99 %)
regulates gene activity by producing non-coding regulatory RNA.
it also codes for the production of centromere and telomere for the stability of chromoome structure
serves as protection against spontaenous mutations.
DNA non-coding genes (99 %)
are segment along the DNA strand which carries the combination of 4 different nucleotides (G,C,A, and T).
Genes
It controls everything in an organism and can interact with environment which resulted to its changes (mutation).
Genes
Its sizes vary from hundred DNA nucleotides up to millions.
Genes
It code for the production of different proteins which are vital in biological process in order for the organism to grow, develop, function and reproduce.
Genes
are sets of biologic genetic instruction in all organism. It controls development, growth, function and reproduction of an organism.
Genes
