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Cytogenetics Midterm > Molecular Genetics > Flashcards

Molecular Genetics Flashcards

1
Q

Refers to the material that stores genetic information of an organism.

A

Genetic material

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2
Q

Found in the nucleus and mitochondria of the cell. In the nucleus they packed into chromosome.

A

Genetic material

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3
Q

It is continuously replicated in order to pass the genetic information throughout generation

A

Genetic material

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4
Q

Consist of nucleic acids that are found in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes

A

Genetic material

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5
Q

Also known as genome a complete set of DNA (genes) in an organism.

A

Genetic material

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6
Q

Strong acids found in the nuclei of the cell

A

Nucleic acids

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7
Q

They are organic molecules composed of polymers of nucleotides.

A

Nucleic acids

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8
Q

Serve as storage and retrieval of informational molecules.

A

Nucleic acids

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9
Q

Types of nucleic acids

A

DNA and RNA.

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10
Q

Nucleotide composition

A

Nitrogenous bases
Sugar
Phosphate

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11
Q

Nitrogen bases (aromatic amines)
Types

A

Purines
Pyrimidines

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12
Q

double ring structure (adenine and guanine).

A

Purines

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13
Q

single ring structure
( cytosine, thymine and uracil).

A

Pyrimidines

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14
Q

Nitrogen bases+ sugar=

A

nucleoside

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15
Q

Phosphates+ nitrogen bases+sugar=

A

nucleotides

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16
Q

Polymers of nucleotides=

A

nucleic ACIDS (DNA OR RNA).

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17
Q

forms the backbone of nucleic acids

A

Sugar and phosphates

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18
Q

double stranded helical form

A

DNA

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19
Q

The 2 strands are anti-parallel to each other (5’-3’ direction) and (3’-5’ direction)

A

DNA

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20
Q

composed of alternating phosphate and sugar

A

DNA

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21
Q

DNA is located in the?

A

nucleus and mitochondria

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22
Q

carry, stores and transmit genetic instructions (genes)

A

DNA

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23
Q

first discovered the DNA in a white blood cells

A

Johannes Friedrich Miescher

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24
Q

describe the double helix strucuture of DNA

A

James Watson and Francis Crick

25
Q

TYPES of DNA

A

Nuclear DNA
Mitochondrial DNA

26
Q

Found inside the nucleus of the cell
Linear in shape
Contains 20,000-25, 000 genes (Human genome project)

A

Nuclear DNA

27
Q

A very long strands (2 meters in length)
Present in 46 chromosomes and inherited from both parents.

A

Nuclear DNA

28
Q

Responsible for the genetic make-up of human.

A

Nuclear DNA

29
Q

Circular in structure.
Consist only of 37 genes which make it shorter than genomic DNA.

A

Mitochondrial DNA

30
Q

Found in the mitochondria of the cell

A

Mitochondrial DNA

31
Q

Found in 1 chromosome and inherited from the mother only.

A

Mitochondrial DNA

31
Q

Location of RNA?

A

cytoplasm

32
Q

single stranded helical form. Strand runs from 5’ to 3’ direction

A

RNA

33
Q

carries the code from DNA for making a specific protein. most regulate the gene expression.

A

RNA

34
Q

Types of RNA

A

Coding RNA
Non-coding RNA

35
Q

Gene regulation RNA

A

micro RNA (miRNA)
small interefering RNA (siRNA)
Piwi-interacting RNA (piRNA)
long non-coding RNA (lncRNA)

35
Q

Involved in maturation of RNA and protein synthesis
(house keeper)

A

transfer RNA
ribosomal RNA
small nuclear RNA
small nucleolar RNA

36
Q

Carries the genetic information from the nucleus to the ribosome for protein synthesis. It is transcribed from DNA.
The strand runs from 5’ to 3’ direction which serves as template for prtein synthesis (translation).
Nucleotides in mRNA are arranged into CODONS (3 base pairs) that correspond to a specific amino acid.

A

Messenger RNA

37
Q

Carries the specific amino acid at the site of protein synthesis.
Clover-leaf like appearance.
It has the ANTICODON region that can base pair with the codon on mRNA.

A

Transfer RNA

38
Q

RNA attached to the ribosome and form the site of protein synthesis.
Organize in 2 ribosomal sub units
Large ribosomal subunit
Small ribosomal subunit

A

Ribosomal RNA

39
Q

16-17 nucleotides in length Short non-coding RNA

A

micro RNA-

39
Q

made up greater than 200 nucleotides (1,000-10,000)

A

Long non-coding RN

40
Q

involved in maturation in RNA through the process of splicing. found in the nucleaus.

A

small nuclear RNA-

41
Q

involved in the process of rRNA maturation. found in the nucleolus.

A

small nucleolar RNA-

42
Q

20-24 nucleotides in lenght double stranded RNA. Short non-coding RNA

A

small-interfering RNA

43
Q

24-31 nucleotides in lenght. found im sperm cells Short non-coding RNA

A

piwi-inreacting RNA-

44
Q

these RNA regulate or control gene expression (protein synthesis) through gene silencing, interfering pre transcription and post transcription process and epigenetics regulators.

A

Regulatory non-coding RNA

45
Q

An explantion of the flow of genetic information within the biological system.

A

Central dogma of molecular biology

45
Q

it details the transfer of infromation in a sequential manner.

A

Central dogma of molecular biology

46
Q

Central dogma of molecular biology

A

DNA contain the genetic information or instruction and it is replicated in nucleus of the cell.

Transcription is the process of transcribing (copying) the genetic information from DNA and mRNA

Translation is the process of translating (decoding) the genetic information encoded in mRNA to make a specific protein

47
Q

1-1.5 % (approximately 80 million DNA nucleotide) is unique to every person.
composed of 20,000-25,000 genes.

A

DNA protein-coding genes

48
Q

initially considered as “junk DNA”

A

DNA non-coding genes (99 %)

49
Q

regulates gene activity by producing non-coding regulatory RNA.
it also codes for the production of centromere and telomere for the stability of chromoome structure
serves as protection against spontaenous mutations.

A

DNA non-coding genes (99 %)

50
Q

are segment along the DNA strand which carries the combination of 4 different nucleotides (G,C,A, and T).

A

Genes

51
Q

It controls everything in an organism and can interact with environment which resulted to its changes (mutation).

A

Genes

52
Q

Its sizes vary from hundred DNA nucleotides up to millions.

A

Genes

53
Q

It code for the production of different proteins which are vital in biological process in order for the organism to grow, develop, function and reproduce.

A

Genes

54
Q

are sets of biologic genetic instruction in all organism. It controls development, growth, function and reproduction of an organism.

A

Genes

Cytogenetics Midterm (2 decks)

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