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Cytogenetics Midterm > Central Dogma in Molecular Biology > Flashcards

Central Dogma in Molecular Biology Flashcards

1
Q

producing 2 identical copies of the original DNA.

A

DNA replication

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2
Q

DNA replication occurs during what phase of the cell cycle before cell division.

A

S phase

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3
Q

must be accurately copied to ensure each daughter cells receives exact genetic information as of the parent cell.

A

DNA

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4
Q

synthesized a primer that will start the replication.

A

Primase

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5
Q

a short sequence of RNA with a 3’ end than can be elongated by DNA polymerase.

A

Primer

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6
Q

add new nucleotides to growing strand

A

DNA polymerase III

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7
Q

removes primer (since it is RNA) and replace by DNA

A

DNA polymerase I-

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8
Q

DNA pol III elongates the primer by adding new bases, growing the strand in a 5’ to 3’ direction

A

Leading strand-

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9
Q

DNA pol III adds nucleotides (backward direction) from the replication fork producing short segment called Okazaki fragments.

A

Lagging strand-

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10
Q

Lagging strand- replication fork producing short segment called

A

Okazaki fragments.

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11
Q

joins together or sealed the okazaki fragments by addition of phosphate group.

A

DNA Ligase-

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12
Q

Types of DNA repair mechanism

A

Base excision repair (BER)
Nucleotide excision repair (NER)
Mismatch repair (MMR)
Double strand break repair
Homology directed repair

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13
Q

It Repairs single base that undergone alkylation, deamination of oxidation.

A

Base excision repair

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14
Q

Various enzyme (glycosylase, endonuclease, polymerase and ligase) remove mutated base from the double helix (excision) and replaced it with a normal.

A

Base excision repair

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15
Q

These chemical process if not corrected can lead incorrect base pairing resulting in substitution or deletion of bases.

A

Base excision repair

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16
Q

Detects and repair distortion (bulky) to the DNA strand as result of environment such a sun UV light ad some chemotherapeutic drugs.

A

Nucleotide excision repair (NER)

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16
Q

DNA glycosylase detects damaged bases.

A

Base excision repair

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17
Q

causes bulky DNA adducts.

A

Thymine dimerization

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18
Q

Wide strand that contain the lesion is excise (remove) and DNA polymerase enzyme synthesized the new strand

A

Nucleotide excision repair (NER)

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19
Q

Repair spontaneous base–base mis pairs and small insertions–deletion loops generated during DNA replication or recombination

A

DNA mismatch repair (MMR)

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20
Q

recognizes the mismatch to be followed by recruitment of repair enzymes that excise incorrect sequence.

A

DNA mismatch repair (MMR)

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21
Q

DNA polymerase and ligase resynthesized new strand using the parental strand.

A

DNA mismatch repair (MMR)

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22
Q

Repair double stranded breaks (DSB)

A

Homologous recombination repair (HR)

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23
Q

The repair mechanism is active during S ang G2 phase.
Involves unwinding of the damaged DNA helix and invasion of the damaged strands into a homologous DNA duplex molecule.

A

Homologous recombination repair (HR)

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24
Q

The sister chromatid or homologous chromosome is used as template for synthesizing new strand.

A

Homologous recombination repair (HR)

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25
Q

Also repair double strand breaks (DSB)
It is active throughout the cell cycle.
Error prone.
Repair mechanism does not need homologous template

A

Non homologous end joining repair (NHEJ)

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26
Q

changes in the base sequence of DNA resulting to genetic variation among organisms, in the case of human it causes disease mostly are malignant condition.

A

Mutation

27
Q

are cause by environment like radiation, UV light, carcinogens and internal factors such as spontaneous mutation.

A

Mutation

28
Q

Extreme exposure to environment increases the rate of

A

Mutation

29
Q

The process of transferring the genetic information from DNA to RNA.

A

Transcription

30
Q

A particular gene is transcribed in response to the need of the cell.

A

Transcription

31
Q

catalyzes by reverse transcriptase enzyme producing complimentary DNA (cDNA) from mRNA.

A

Reverse transcription-

32
Q

located upstream contains TATA box, recognition site for transcription.

A

Promoter region

33
Q

located downstream. Forms a hairpin-like strand signaling the end of transcription.

A

Termination region

34
Q

structure of a gene is consist of a

A

Promoter region
RNA-coding region
Termination region

35
Q

these are proteins that regulates transcription process (when to turn on and how much).

A

Transcription factors-

36
Q

is a mark where RNA polymerase bind and start copying the DNA strand. In eukaryotes it is known as TATA box.

A

Promoter

37
Q

The RNA polymerase unwinds the DNA exposing 10-20 bases at a time forming the transcription bubble.
One strand is only needed for the transcription (template strand).

A

Elongation

38
Q

Elongation in what direction

A

5’ - 3’

39
Q

The RNA pol stops moving on the DNA template after reaching the termination region.

A

Termination

40
Q

The transcribed RNA is a single stranded complementary copy of one of 2 strands

A

Elongation

41
Q

Transcription stops, transcribed RNA is release from the template strand.

A

Termination

42
Q

RNA modifications (maturation of RNA) process occurs in ?

A

Nucleus

43
Q

removal of introns(non-coding protein) and rejoining of exons (protein-coding gene). This process is catalyzed by

A

Splicing
spliceosome.

44
Q

A process of decoding biologic information from mRNA to synthesize a protein.

A

Translation

45
Q

Translation occur in the?

A

Ribosome

46
Q

Enzymatic process of amino acid side chain modification after their protein biosynthesis.

A

Post Translation modification

47
Q

It result to protein diversity.

A

Post Translation modification

48
Q

A molecular laboratory technique used in clinical diagnostics.

A

Polymerase chain reaction

49
Q

An in-vitro amplification/replication of DNA/RNA fragments through a cycle of heating and cooling.

A

Polymerase chain reaction

50
Q

Generates millions of copies of DNA after the process.
Invented by MULLIS in 1983.

A

Polymerase chain reaction

51
Q

Components of PCR

A

DNA template/fragment- from the sample
Primer (synthetic)
Taq DNA Polymerase
Synthetic deoxynucleotide triphosphate- dNTPs
Buffer

52
Q

These are fragments of interest or the target DNA for amplification, serves as a template.

A

DNA fragments

53
Q

are present in biological samples. They are need to be purified and isolated from the sample before the actual PCR.

A

DNA fragments

54
Q

Single stranded DNA (10-30 nucleotides) synthesized chemically(synthetic primer).

A

PRIMERS

55
Q

Serves as the starting point for the amplification.

A

PRIMERS

56
Q

Adds dNTPs to the growing strand of DNA.

A

Taq DNA Polymerase

57
Q

Extracted from Thermus aquaticus a bacteria that lives in hot springs a can withstand hot temperature (> 100 C).

A

Taq DNA Polymerase

58
Q

Provide nucleotides during DNA amplification.

A

dNTP- Deoxynucleotide triphosphate

59
Q

Polymerase chain reaction process

A

Denaturation
Annealing
Extension

60
Q

At 94 C the double-stranded DNA melts and opens into two pieces of single-stranded DNA

A

Denaturation

61
Q

At 54 C the primers pair up (anneal) with the single-stranded template.

A

Annealing

62
Q

at 72 C DNA polymerase extends the primer by its polymerase activity by adding dNTPS.

A

Extension

63
Q

Polymerase chain reaction process cycle repeat for?

A

25-40 times to make a million copies of DNA sequence.

64
Q

A technique used for identification and quantification of RNA.

A

RT-PCR

65
Q

is used to allow a single strand of RNA to be transcribe into a complementary strand of DNA (cDNA).

A

reverse transcriptase enzyme

66
Q

used to detect and study many RNA viruses.

A

RT-PCR

Cytogenetics Midterm (2 decks)

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