Molecular Biology

Question 1

hemoglobin

Answer 1

read protein cell that is responsible for transporting oxygen in the blood.

Question 2

why is carbon the key element in organic chemistry

Answer 2

very versatile
can bond covalently to four other molecules 
can form rings and chains
bond to non metal and metal 
can bond to itself

Question 3

key differences between the functional groups

Answer 3

all have certain amounts of C,H,O but in different arrangements
some functional groups have other elements attached
different attachments give each functional group different properties (ex. ethane to ethanol)
Functional group attached determine polarity

Question 4

polymerization

Answer 4

peptide bonds (amine bonds with carboxyl)
glycosidic bonding (carb bonds to monosaccharide) 
different monomers react in order to combine.

Question 5

dehydration

Answer 5

two monomers combine together to form a larger molecule. Water is removed as a result.

Question 6

hydrolisis

Answer 6

polymers are broken down by water in order to form monomers gain. Water is present.

Question 7

isomers

Answer 7

isomers are molecules that have the same chemical formula but different atomic configuration.
ex. glyceraldehyde (double bond on the middle)
dihydroxyacetone (double bond on the end)

Question 8

monomer and polymer

Answer 8

monomer is a basic unit that can be combined to become a polymer. (long chain)

Question 9

what are CARBOHYDRATES made of?

Answer 9

They are made of C,H,O

Question 10

what are PROTEINS made of?

Answer 10

amine group + carboxyl (COOH)

Question 11

what are LIPIDS made of?

Answer 11

3 fatty acids + glycerol

Question 12

what are PHOSPHOLIPIDS made of?

Answer 12

2 fatty acids + glycerol + Phosphate group + R group

Question 13

what are NUCLEOTIDES made of?

Answer 13

phosphate + pentose sugar + nitrogen

Question 14

what are the 4 nitrogenous bases?

Answer 14

DNA PYRAMIDINE - Cytisone and Thymine
RNA PYMRADINE - Cytosil and Uracil

DNA + RNA PURINE- Adenine and Guanine

Question 15

purine

Answer 15

double ring structures

Question 16

what are STEROIDS made of?

Answer 16

4 fused carbon rings with a functional group attached

hormones have same structure with a functional group. That changes its whole chemical activity

Question 17

estrogen

Answer 17

steroid that is produced in the ovaries

4 fused carbon rings + (-OH, -HO)

Question 18

progesterone

Answer 18

other female hormone

Question 19

testosterone

Answer 19

made in the testes

4 fused carbon rings + (-O,-OH)

Question 20

pyrimidine

Answer 20

single ring structure

Question 21

why are nitrogenous bases, known as bases?

Answer 21

in their presence the pH increases.

Question 22

monosaccharides

Answer 22

simple sugars with very basic units of carbohydrate

ex: glucose - cellular fuel - C₆H₁₂O₆
functions: short term energy source,

Question 23

carbohydrates (1:2:1)

Answer 23

group of simple sugars or complex molecules that provide energy for the body

Question 24

disaccharides

Answer 24

two monomers formed together.
Ex: maltose; two glucose molecules combined

function: short term every storage

Question 25

polysaccharides

Answer 25

complex chain of carbohydrates example: Cellulose found in the plant wall and is fibrous in diets. Helps with metabolism

Question 26

homopolysaccharide or heteropolysaccharide?

Answer 26

homo- all the monomers are the same | hetero- the monomers are different

Question 27

lipids

Answer 27

class of organic compounds that include fatty acids and are insoluble in water.

Question 28

saturated triglyceride

Answer 28

single bonded with the max h2 molecules. these can be fats such as lard and butter (solid) function: storage, insulation. cushions organs (ex: blubber)

Question 29

unsaturated triglyceride

Answer 29

double bond with less than max h2 these can be oils which are liquids they are very insoluble and they have a kink in their atomic configuration function: high energy storage in plants

Question 30

fat acid + glycerol formation

Answer 30

3 molecules of water form because the acid and the OH react since glycerol is polar.

Question 31

fat acid + glycerol formation (dehydration)

Answer 31

3 molecules of water form because the acid and the OH react since glycerol is polar.

Question 32

purpose of steroids

Answer 32

- hormonal control - cholestrol provides physical stability - precursor to testosterone and estrogen

Question 33

hydrophobic

Answer 33

insoluble and non polar

Question 34

hydrophilic

Answer 34

soluble and polar

Question 35

neutral fat

Answer 35

have no charge and do not contain acid or base. | found in the thigh and high torso to provide insulation.

Question 36

proteins

Answer 36

polymers with amino acid monomers

Question 37

peptide bond

Answer 37

covalent bond of two amino acids

Question 38

polypeptide

Answer 38

is a chain of many amino acids joined together

Question 39

functions

Answer 39

- muscle motion - antigens are usually carried by proteins for immune response - hormone control (insulin) - structural proteins like certain and elastin help provide hardness and elasticity - enzyme's help catalyze reactions - helps transport hemoglobin into the blood stream

Question 40

primary structure

Answer 40

is determined by the sequence amino acids

Question 41

secondary structure

Answer 41

happens when the polypeptide coils or folds in a particular way. alpha helix- coils beta pleated sheet- when the polypeptides turns back on itself

Question 42

tertiary structure

Answer 42

this is the final 3-D shape of the polypeptide. It is important to note that the biological activity that will take place will only happen if it is folded right. -different bonds contribute to the final structure

Question 43

what does hydrogen bond do

Answer 43

hold molecules together due to electronegative - hold polypeptides together - helps hold together DNA

Question 44

quaternary structure

Answer 44

to or more polypeptide chains connected

Question 45

nucleic acids

Answer 45

polymers of nucleotides

Question 46

nucleotides

Answer 46

all have molecular complex of three types of molecules. | phosphate +pentose sugar+ nitrogen

Question 47

DNA

Answer 47

``` double stranded (double helix) structure held together by hydrogen bonds. -stores information for replication and the order in which amino acids are to be joined. ```

Question 48

ribose versus DEOxyribose

Answer 48

RNA has ribose | DNA has deoxyribose (one less oxygen)

Question 49

RNA

Answer 49

single stranded type of nucleic acid that conveys messenger | mRNA- conveys information to the DNA about amino acid sequence.

Question 50

ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate)

Answer 50

Nucleotide in which adenosine is composed of adenine and ribose. 3 Phosphate groups + pentose + sugar + ribose

Question 51

ATP Currency

Answer 51

the last two phosphates are unstable in ATP and are released when ATP is broken down. This energy is used for bodily functions such as muscle contraction and nerve impulse. Cells SPEND ATP when they need it

Question 52

complimentary base pairing

Answer 52

A+ U in RNA in DNA T+A G+C