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Biology Lg#2 > Molecular Biology > Flashcards

Molecular Biology Flashcards

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1
Q

hemoglobin

A

read protein cell that is responsible for transporting oxygen in the blood.

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2
Q

why is carbon the key element in organic chemistry

A 
very versatile
can bond covalently to four other molecules 
can form rings and chains
bond to non metal and metal 
can bond to itself
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3
Q

key differences between the functional groups

A

all have certain amounts of C,H,O but in different arrangements
some functional groups have other elements attached
different attachments give each functional group different properties (ex. ethane to ethanol)
Functional group attached determine polarity

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4
Q

polymerization

A 
peptide bonds (amine bonds with carboxyl)
glycosidic bonding (carb bonds to monosaccharide) 
different monomers react in order to combine.
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5
Q

dehydration

A

two monomers combine together to form a larger molecule. Water is removed as a result.

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6
Q

hydrolisis

A

polymers are broken down by water in order to form monomers gain. Water is present.

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7
Q

isomers

A

isomers are molecules that have the same chemical formula but different atomic configuration.
ex. glyceraldehyde (double bond on the middle)
dihydroxyacetone (double bond on the end)

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8
Q

monomer and polymer

A

monomer is a basic unit that can be combined to become a polymer. (long chain)

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9
Q

what are CARBOHYDRATES made of?

A

They are made of C,H,O

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10
Q

what are PROTEINS made of?

A

amine group + carboxyl (COOH)

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11
Q

what are LIPIDS made of?

A

3 fatty acids + glycerol

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12
Q

what are PHOSPHOLIPIDS made of?

A

2 fatty acids + glycerol + Phosphate group + R group

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13
Q

what are NUCLEOTIDES made of?

A

phosphate + pentose sugar + nitrogen

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14
Q

what are the 4 nitrogenous bases?

A

DNA PYRAMIDINE - Cytisone and Thymine
RNA PYMRADINE - Cytosil and Uracil

DNA + RNA PURINE- Adenine and Guanine

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15
Q

purine

A

double ring structures

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16
Q

what are STEROIDS made of?

A

4 fused carbon rings with a functional group attached

hormones have same structure with a functional group. That changes its whole chemical activity

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17
Q

estrogen

A

steroid that is produced in the ovaries

4 fused carbon rings + (-OH, -HO)

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18
Q

progesterone

A

other female hormone

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19
Q

testosterone

A

made in the testes

4 fused carbon rings + (-O,-OH)

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20
Q

pyrimidine

A

single ring structure

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21
Q

why are nitrogenous bases, known as bases?

A

in their presence the pH increases.

22
Q

monosaccharides

A

simple sugars with very basic units of carbohydrate

ex: glucose - cellular fuel - C₆H₁₂O₆
functions: short term energy source,

23
Q

carbohydrates (1:2:1)

A

group of simple sugars or complex molecules that provide energy for the body

24
Q

disaccharides

A

two monomers formed together.
Ex: maltose; two glucose molecules combined

function: short term every storage

25
Q

polysaccharides

A

complex chain of carbohydrates
example:
Cellulose found in the plant wall and is fibrous in diets.
Helps with metabolism

26
Q

homopolysaccharide or heteropolysaccharide?

A

homo- all the monomers are the same

hetero- the monomers are different

27
Q

lipids

A

class of organic compounds that include fatty acids and are insoluble in water.

28
Q

saturated triglyceride

A

single bonded with the max h2 molecules.
these can be fats such as lard and butter (solid)
function: storage, insulation. cushions organs (ex: blubber)

29
Q

unsaturated triglyceride

A

double bond with less than max h2
these can be oils which are liquids
they are very insoluble and they have a kink in their atomic configuration

function: high energy storage in plants

30
Q

fat acid + glycerol formation

A

3 molecules of water form because the acid and the OH react since glycerol is polar.

31
Q

fat acid + glycerol formation (dehydration)

A

3 molecules of water form because the acid and the OH react since glycerol is polar.

32
Q

purpose of steroids

A
  • hormonal control
  • cholestrol provides physical stability
  • precursor to testosterone and estrogen
33
Q

hydrophobic

A

insoluble and non polar

34
Q

hydrophilic

A

soluble and polar

35
Q

neutral fat

A

have no charge and do not contain acid or base.

found in the thigh and high torso to provide insulation.

36
Q

proteins

A

polymers with amino acid monomers

37
Q

peptide bond

A

covalent bond of two amino acids

38
Q

polypeptide

A

is a chain of many amino acids joined together

39
Q

functions

A
  • muscle motion
  • antigens are usually carried by proteins for immune response
  • hormone control (insulin)
  • structural proteins like certain and elastin help provide hardness and elasticity
  • enzyme’s help catalyze reactions
  • helps transport hemoglobin into the blood stream
40
Q

primary structure

A

is determined by the sequence amino acids

41
Q

secondary structure

A

happens when the polypeptide coils or folds in a particular way.

alpha helix- coils
beta pleated sheet- when the polypeptides turns back on itself

42
Q

tertiary structure

A

this is the final 3-D shape of the polypeptide. It is important to note that the biological activity that will take place will only happen if it is folded right.
-different bonds contribute to the final structure

43
Q

what does hydrogen bond do

A

hold molecules together due to electronegative

  • hold polypeptides together
  • helps hold together DNA
44
Q

quaternary structure

A

to or more polypeptide chains connected

45
Q

nucleic acids

A

polymers of nucleotides

46
Q

nucleotides

A

all have molecular complex of three types of molecules.

phosphate +pentose sugar+ nitrogen

47
Q

DNA

A 
double stranded (double helix) structure held together by hydrogen bonds. 
-stores information for replication and the order in which amino acids are to be joined.
48
Q

ribose versus DEOxyribose

A

RNA has ribose

DNA has deoxyribose (one less oxygen)

49
Q

RNA

A

single stranded type of nucleic acid that conveys messenger

mRNA- conveys information to the DNA about amino acid sequence.

50
Q

ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate)

A

Nucleotide in which adenosine is composed of adenine and ribose.
3 Phosphate groups + pentose + sugar + ribose

51
Q

ATP Currency

A

the last two phosphates are unstable in ATP and are released when ATP is broken down. This energy is used for bodily functions such as muscle contraction and nerve impulse.

Cells SPEND ATP when they need it

52
Q

complimentary base pairing

A

A+ U in RNA
in DNA
T+A
G+C

Biology Lg#2 (2 decks)

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