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PCAT Biology > Molecular Biology > Flashcards

Molecular Biology Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Metabolism

A

sum of all chemical reactions that occur in the body

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2
Q

Catabolic Reactions

A

break down large chemicals and release energy

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3
Q

Anabolic Reactions

A

build up large chemicals and require energy

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4
Q

Ingestion

A

acquisition of food and other raw materials

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5
Q

Digestion

A

process of converting food into usable soluble form so that it can pass through membranes in the digestive tract and enter the body

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6
Q

Absorption

A

passage of nutrient molecules through the lining of the digestive tract into the body proper. absorbed molecules pass through cells lining the digestive tract by diffusion or active transport.

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7
Q

Respiration

A

consumption of oxygen into the body. cells use oxygen to convert glucose to ATP

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8
Q

Excretion

A

the removal of waste products produced during metabolic processes like respiration and assimilation.

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9
Q

Synthesis

A

creation of complex molecules from simple ones (anabolism)

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10
Q

Regulation

A

control of physiological activities

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11
Q

Homeostasis

A

maintain internal environment in a changing external environment with regulation of hormones and nervous system

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12
Q

Irritability

A

the ability to respond to a stimulus and is part of regulation

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13
Q

Growth

A

an increase in size caused by a synthesis of new materials

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14
Q

Photosynthesis

A

the process by which plants carbon dioxide and water into carbohydrates. sunlight is harnessed by chlorophyll to drive this reaction.

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15
Q

reproduction

A

generation of additional individuals of a species

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16
Q

Transport

A

the circulation of essential compounds required to nourish the tissues and the removal of waste products from the tissues

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17
Q

Assimilation

A

the building up of new tissues from digested food materials

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18
Q

Inorgranic compounds

A

compounds that do not contain carbon

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19
Q

Organic compounds

A

compounds made by living systems and contain carbon

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20
Q

Carbohydrates

A

composed of the elements carbon, hydrogen and oxygen in a 1:2:1 ration. used as storage forms of energy or as structural molecules. glucose and glycogen store energy in animals, whereas starch stores energy in plants.

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21
Q

Monosaccharide

A

single sugar subunits (glucose and fructose)

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22
Q

Disaccharide

A

two monosaccharide subunits joined by dehydration synthesis (maltose and sucrose)

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23
Q

Dehydration synthesis

A

loss of water molecule

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24
Q

Polysaccharide

A

polymers formed by removing water (glycogen and starch)

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25
Q

Polymers

A

chains of repeating monosaccharide subunits

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26
Q

Cellulose

A

polysaccharide that serves a structural role in plants, insoluble in water.

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27
Q

Hydrolysis

A

process of adding water to large polymers to break them down into smaller subunits

28
Q

External Respiration

A

entrance of air into the lungs and the gas exchange between the alveoli and the blood

29
Q

Internal Respiration

A

exchange of gas between the blood and the cells and the intracellular process of respiration

30
Q

Dehydrognation

A

high-energy hydrogen atoms are removed from organic molecules. oxidation reaction.

31
Q

Glycolysis

A

first stage of glucose catabolism. series of reactions that leads to the oxidative breakdown of glucose into 2 molecules of pyruvate, production of ATP, reduction of NAD+ into NADH. occurs in cytoplasm.

32
Q

Glycolysis net reaction

A

Glucose + 2 ADP + 2 Pi + 2NAD+ ——–> 2 Pyruvate + 2ATP + 2NADH + 2H+ + 2H2O

33
Q

Substrate Level Phosporylation

A

ATP synthesis is directly coupled with the degradation of glucose without the participation of an intermediate molecule. degradation of one glucose yields net of 2 ATP from glycolysis and one ATP for each turn of the Kreb’s Cycle (four in total)

34
Q

Fermentation

A

anaerobic conditions of glycolysis producing ethanol or lactic acid

35
Q

Alcohol Fermenation

A

only occurs in yeast and some bacteria. pyruvate is converted to ethanol.

36
Q

Lactic Acid Fermentation

A

occurs in certain fungi, bacteria, and in human muscles cells during strenuous activity. when oxygen supply to muscle cells lags behind the rate of glucose catabolism

37
Q

Cellular Respiration

A

most efficient catabolic pathway used by organisms to harvest the energy stored in glucose. yields 36-38 ATP. aerobic process and occurs in eukaryotic mitochondrion. 3 stages.

38
Q

Pyruvate Decarboxylation

A

during cellular respiration the pyruvate is transported from the cytoplasm into the mitochondrial matrix where it loses a CO2, and the acetyl group that remains is transferred to coenzyme A to form acetyl-CoA.

39
Q

Citric Acid Cycle/Kreb’s Cycle

A

chemical reaction used by all aerobic organisms to produce energy.

40
Q

Kreb’s Cycle Net Reaction

A

2 acetyl-CoA + 6NADH+ + 2FAD + 2GDP+ 2Pi + 4H2O —–> 4CO2 + 6NADH + 2FADH2 + 2GTP + 2H+ + 2CoA

41
Q

Electron Transport Chain

A

complex carrier mechanism located on the inside of the inner mitochondrial membrane.

42
Q

Cytochromes

A

electron carriers that resemble hemoglobin in the structure of their active site. functional unit contains a central iron atom that is capable of reducing or oxidizing

43
Q

Oxidative Phosporylation

A

process that accounts for 90% of ATP used by body

44
Q

Other Energy Sources

A

when glucose supplies run low body uses other carbohydrates, fats, and proteins

45
Q

Carbohydrates (Alt Energy)

A

disaccharides are hydrolyzed into monosaccharides - these can be converted into glucose or glycolytic intermediates. glycogen stored in the liver can be converted into a glycolytic intermediate

46
Q

Fats (Alt Energy)

A

triglycerides stored in adipose tissue are hydrolyzed by lipases to fatty acids and glycerol. fats yield the greatest number of ATP per gram

47
Q

Proteins (Alt Energy)

A

last macromolecule to degrade for energy when carbs or fat not available.

48
Q

Transamination Reactoin

A

amino acid loses amino group to form an a-keto acid

49
Q

Oxidative Deamination

A

removes one ammonia molecule directly from amino acid. this ammonia excreted by vertebrates

50
Q

Enzymes

A

organic catalysts that affect the rate of chemical reaction without being changed. regulate metabolism by speeding and slowing down reactions. they do not alter equilibrium constant. pH and temperature sensitive. protein or conjugated protein based.

51
Q

Coenzyme

A

nonprotein component of enzyme that must be present for enzyme to function. not all enzymes have a coenzyme.

52
Q

Substrate

A

molecule upon which an enzyme acts

53
Q

Active Site

A

area on each enzyme to which the substrate binds

54
Q

Enzyme-Catalyzed Reactions

A

most are reversible - product can be decomposed

55
Q

Lock & Key Theory

A

spatial structure of an enzyme’s active site is exactly complementary to spatial structure of substrate. theory is now largely discounted.

56
Q

Induced Fit Theory

A

active site of enzyme has flexibility to accept substrate.

57
Q

Enzyme Specificity

A

enzyme action and reaction rate depend on several environmental factors (temperature, pH and concentration). optimal temp is around 40C, optimal pH is around 7.2 for most enzymes

58
Q

Competitive Inhibition

A

possible for molecules similar to substrate to bind to active site. substrate can overtake competitor, but it requires much higher concentration of substrate than usual.

59
Q

Noncompetitive Inhibition

A

substance that forms strong covalent bond with enzyme and prevents it from binding with substrate. irreversible

60
Q

Allosteric Inhibition

A

noncompetitive inhibitor binds anywhere but the active site thus changing the structure of the enzyme and the active site.

61
Q

Hydrolysis

A

digest large molecules into smaller components (lactase, protease, lipase)

62
Q

Lactase

A

hydrolyzes lactose to the monosaccharides glucose and galactose

63
Q

Protease

A

degrade proteins to amino acids

64
Q

Lipases

A

break down lipids to fatty acids and glycerol

65
Q

Synthesis

A

can be catalyzed by same enzymes as hydrolysis reactions, but reactions are reversed. required for growth, repair, regulation, protection, production.

66
Q

Prosthetic Groups

A

cofactors that bind to the enzyme by strong covalent bonds.

PCAT Biology (4 decks)

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