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PCAT Biology > Cellular Biology > Flashcards

Cellular Biology Flashcards

1
Q

Six Kingdoms

A

bacteria, archaea, protista, fungi, plantae, animalia

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2
Q

Cell Membrane

A

encloses the cell and exhibits selective permeability. regulates passage of materials into and out of the cell.

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3
Q

Fluid Mosaic Model

A

cell membrane consists of phospholipid bilayers with proteins embedded throughout

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4
Q

Phospholipid Bilayer

A

long, nonpolar, hydrophobic fatty chains of carbon and hydrogen face each other. phosphorus-containing polar, hydrophilic heads face outwards.

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5
Q

Nucleus

A

controls the activities of the cell, including cell division. surrounded by a nuclear membrane. contains DNA

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6
Q

DNA

A

nucleic acid complexed with histones to form chromosomes.

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7
Q

Histones

A

structural proteins that DNA winds around to make it more compact. involved in reulgation of gene transcription

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8
Q

Nucleolus

A

dense structure in the nucleus where riobosomal RNA synthesis occurs

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9
Q

rRNA

A

necessary for protein synthesis at the ribosome

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10
Q

Ribosome

A

sites of protein production and are synthesized by the nucleolus. free ribosomes found in cytoplasm and bound ribosomes line the outer membrane of the endoplasmic reticulum

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11
Q

Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

network of membrane-enclosed spaces involved in the transport of materials throughout the cell, particularly those materials destined to be secreted by the cell. direct continuous passageway from the plasma membrane to the nuclear membrane

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12
Q

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

does not contain ribosomes so not involved with protein synthesis. involved with metabolism and production of lipids.

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13
Q

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

contains ribosomes and plays role in production of proteins

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14
Q

Golgi Apparatus

A

receives vesicles and their contents from smooth ER and modifies them, repackages them into vesicles and distributes them to the cell surface of exocytosis

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15
Q

Mitochondria

A

Composed of an outer and inner phospholipid bilayer, sites of aerobic respiration within the cell and suppliers of energy (especially ATP)

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16
Q

Cytoplasm

A

most of the cell’s metabolic activity occurs here in the cytosol and organelles

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17
Q

Cytosol

A

cellular fluid contained within the cell membrane

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18
Q

Cylosis

A

streaming movement within the cell

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19
Q

Vacuoles/Vesicles

A

membrane-bound sacs involved in the transport and storage of materials that are ingested, secreted, processed or digested by the cell (vacuoles - larger and more likely in plant cells)

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20
Q

Centrioles

A

involved in spindle organization during cell division and not bound by membrane, only in animal cells

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21
Q

Lysosomes

A

membrane-bound vesicles that contain hydrolytic enzymes involved in intracellular digestion. break down material ingested by cell.

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22
Q

Autolysis

A

injured/dying “cell suicide” by rupturing lysosomal membrane and releasing its hydrolytic enzymes

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23
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

supports the cell, maintains its shape, aids in cell motility. composed of microtubules, microfilaments, intermediate filaments

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24
Q

Microtubule

A

hollow rods made up of polymerized tubulin (protein) that radiate throughout the cell and provide support. provide framework for organelle movement within the cell.

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25
Q

Centrioles

A

direct the separation of chromosomes during cell division, composed of microtubules

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26
Q

Cilia and Flagella

A

specialzed arrangements of microtubules that extend from certain cells and are involved in cell motility and cytoplasmic movement

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27
Q

Microfilaments

A

solid roots of actin, move materials across the plasma membrane

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28
Q

Actin

A

protein important in cell movement as well as support

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29
Q

Simple Diffusion

A

net movement of dissolved particles down from high to low concentration. passive process that requires no external source of energy.

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30
Q

Osmosis

A

simple diffusion of water from a region of lower solute concentration to higher

31
Q

Hypertonic

A

the cytoplasm of a cell has lower solute concentration than the extracellular medium.

32
Q

Plasmolysis

A

water flowing out of cell due to hypertonic nature of medium

33
Q

Hypotonic

A

extracellular environment is less concentrated than the cytoplasm of cell. water will flow in.

34
Q

Lyse

A

cell bursting due to water flowing into cell. red blood cells lyse in distilled water.

35
Q

Isotonic

A

extracellular environment and cytoplasm have same solute concentration. water flows back and forth in equal amounts.

36
Q

Facilitated Diffusion/Passive Transport

A

net movement of dissolved particles down their concentration gradient through special channels or carrier proteins in the cell membrane. does not require energy.

37
Q

Active Transport

A

net movement of dissolved particles against their concentration gradients with the help of transport proteins. require energy.

38
Q

Carrier Molecules/Transport Proteins

A

aid in the regulation of cell’s internal content of ion’s and large molecules.

39
Q

Energy-independent Carriers

A

facilitate the movement of compounds along a concentration gradient

40
Q

Symporters

A

move two or more ions in the same direction across the membrane

41
Q

Antiporters

A

exchange one or more ions/molecules for another ion/molecule across the membrane

42
Q

Pumps

A

energy-dependent carries that require ATP

43
Q

Endocytosis

A

cell membrane invaginates and forms vesicle that contains extracellular medium. allows cell to bring large volumes of extracellular material inside the cell

44
Q

Pinocytosis

A

ingestion of fluids or small particles

45
Q

Phagocytosis

A

engulfing of large particles - said particles may bind to receptors on cell membrane before being engulfed

46
Q

Exocytosis

A

vesicle within cell fuses with cell membrane and releases large volume of contents to outside. plays important role in cell growth and intercellular signaling.

47
Q

Brownian Movement

A

kinetic energy spreads small suspended particles throughout the cytoplasm of the cell

48
Q

Cyclosis

A

circular motion of cytoplasm around cell transports molecules

49
Q

Cell Division

A

the process by which a cell doubles its organelles and cytoplasm, replicates its DNA, and then divides in two.

50
Q

Interphase (Mitosis)

A

the period of growth and chromosome replication. cell performs normal function and each chromosome is replicated.

51
Q

Interphase G1 (Mitosis)

A

initiates interphase, cell increases in size and synthesizes proteins

52
Q

Interphase S (Mitosis)

A

period of DNA synthesis

53
Q

G2 (Mitosis)

A

cell prepares to divide. grows and synthesizes proteins

54
Q

Mitosis

A

division and distribution of cell’s DNA to two daughter cells such that each cell receives a complete copy of original genome (only somatic cells)

55
Q

Somatic Cell

A

any cell of the body except sperm and egg cells

56
Q

Karyokinesis

A

division of nucleus (precedes cytokinesis)

57
Q

Prophase (Mitosis)

A

chromosomes condense, centriole pairs separate and move to opposite poles, spindle apparatus forms between them, nuclear membrane dissolves.

58
Q

Metaphase (Mitosis)

A

centriole pairs at opposite poles, fibers of spindle attach to each chromatid at corresponding kinetochore (protein on centromere), spindle fibers align chromosomes at center of cell (metaphase plate)

59
Q

Anaphase (Mitosis)

A

centromeres split so that each chromatid has own centromere and sister chromatids separate. sister chromatids are pulled toward opposite poles by shortened spindle fibers

60
Q

Telophase (Mitosis)

A

spindle apparatus disappears, nuclear membrane forms around each set of newly formed chromosomes, chromosomes uncoil to interphase form

61
Q

Cytokinesis (Mitosis)

A

cytoplasm divides into 2 daughter cells with own nucleus and organelles

62
Q

Gamete

A

specialized sex cell produced by each parent

63
Q

Meiosis

A

production of gamete, beings with duplication of chromosomes, halves the number of chromosomes

64
Q

Interphase (Meiosis)

A

parent cell’s chromosomes are replicated

65
Q

First Meiotic Division

A

produces two immediate daughter cells with N chromosomes and sister chromatids

66
Q

Prophase 1 (Meiosis)

A

chromatin condenses into chromosomes, spindle apparatus forms, nucleoli and nuclear membrane disappear

67
Q

Synapsis

A

homologous chromosomes come together and intertwine

68
Q

Crossing Over

A

exchange of equivalent pieces of DNA between homologous chromosomes

69
Q

Metaphase 1 (Meiosis)

A

homologous pairs (tetrads) align at the equatorial plate and each pair attaches to a separate spindle fiber

70
Q

Anaphase 1 (Meiosis)

A

homologous pairs separate and are pulled to opposite poles of cell

71
Q

Disjunction

A

each chromosome of paternal origin separates from homologue of maternal origin and either can end up in either daughter cell

72
Q

Nondisjunction

A

cells do not separate appropriately during meiosis - daughter cells have incorrect number of chromosomes

73
Q

Telophase 1 (Meiosis)

A

nuclear membrane forms around each new nucleus

74
Q

Second Meiotic Divison

A

chromosomes align at equator, separate and move to opposite poles, surrounded by reformed nuclear membrane.

PCAT Biology (4 decks)

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