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AUC Hematology, Oncology, Immunology > Molecular Biology > Flashcards

Molecular Biology Flashcards

1
Q

Parietal Cells

A

Found in stomach. Produce HCL and Intrinsic Factor

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2
Q

HCL

A

Degrades protein, activates pepsinogen

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3
Q

Chief Cells

A

Found in stomach. Produce pepsin

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4
Q

Endopeptidase

A

Degrades protein to peptide

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5
Q

G Cell

A

Found in stomach. Produces gastrin (blood stream)

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6
Q

Mucus Cell

A

Found in stomach. Secretes Mucus and HCO3 to protect the stomach lining

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7
Q

Enteropeptidase/Enterokinase (brush border)

A

Found in duodenum. Activates trypsinogen -> trypsin, which in turn activate proteases to hydrolyze protein.

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8
Q

Hyperchlorhydria

A

Zollinger Ellison syndrome. Gastrin secreting tumor

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9
Q

HYPOchlorhydria

A

Pernicious Anemia. Autoimmune destruction of parietal cells. B12 deficiency

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10
Q

Cystic Fibrosis

A

Decrease pancreatic enzymes. Mutation in CFTR

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11
Q

Hartnup disease

A

Defect absorbing neutral AA. Decrease in Tryptophan and Niacin (Pellagra like manifestations) Photosensitivity.

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12
Q

Cystinuria

A

Defect in dibasic AA absorption (Cysteine). Cysteine stones - Kidney stones

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13
Q

H2 Blocker

A

Treats HYPOchlorydria

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14
Q

Glucogenic AA Degradation

A

Alanine -> Pyruvate -> Glucose

TCA Intermediates

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15
Q

Ketogenic Degradation of AAs

A

Lysine -> Acetyl CoA -> Ketone Bodies

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16
Q

Purely Ketogenic Amino Acids

A

Leucine & Lysine

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17
Q

Glucogenic & Ketogenic Amino Acids

A

Isoleucine, Phenylalanine, Threonine, Tryptophan & Tyrosine

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18
Q

Transamination

A

Catalyzed by aminotransferases/transaminases. Pyridoxal Phosphate (B6) - cofactor. Transfers alpha amino group from one carbon skeleton (amino acid) to another (α-keto acid, which becomes an amino acid). Can not be done to lysine or threonine.

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19
Q

Trans-deamination

A

Transaminate L-amino acids to generate glutamate, which can then be oxidatively de-animated to to form α-ketoglutarate and ammonia.

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20
Q

Excretion from Intestines

A

NH3 -> directly to Portal system (Liver) (Periportal)

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21
Q

Excretion from Liver

A

Urea / Protein (synthesis) to transport nitrogen

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22
Q

Excretion from Muscle

A

Breaks down branched chain amino acids (BCAAs)
Form Alanine -> transport NH3 to liver
Form Glutamine -> transport NH3 to kidneys

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23
Q

Urea Cycle Rate Limiting Step

A

Carbamoyl Phosphate Synthase 1

24
Q

Source of Nitrogen in Urea

A

N1 -> Free NH3
N2 -> Aspartate

In essence, both come (indirectly) from glutamate, which gathers nitrogen from other amino acids to repeat the process.

25
Q

Non Oxidative deamination

A

Serine and threonine can be directly de animated to NH4+. Catalyzed by serine dehydratase or threonine dehydratase.

26
Q

Oxidative deamination

A

Occurs in liver and kidneys. Catalyzed by glutamate dehydrogenase (GLDH). Located in mitochondria.

27
Q

Urea Cycle step 1 (Rate Limiting)

A

Ammonia + Bicarbonate + ATP -> Carbamoyl Phosphate via CPS-1

28
Q

Urea cycle step 2

A

Carbamoyl Phosphate -> citrulline via Ornithine transcarbomylase

29
Q

Urea cycle step 3

A

Citrulline is taken out of mitochondria, converted to arginosuccinate via arginosuccinate synthase

30
Q

Urea cycle step 4

A

Arginosuccinate -> Arginine via arginosuccinate lyase

31
Q

Urea cycle step 5

A

Arginine -> Urea via arginase. (Conversely, arginine could be converted back to ornithine and then citrulline to redo the cycle)

32
Q

Pyridoxine (B6) - Pyridoxal Phosphate

A

Co-factor required for transamination

33
Q

Folate

A

Co-factor required for one carbon transfer

34
Q

Tetrahydrobiopterin

A

Co-factor required for hydroxylation

35
Q

Serine Hydroxy-methyltransferase

A

Converts serine to glycine and vice versa

36
Q

Cystathionine β synthase

A

Creates cystathionine from serine and methionine, which can be converted to cysteine.

37
Q

AAs derived from glycolysis intermediates

A

Serine and glycine from 3-phosphoglycerate, Cysteine from methionine and serine, alanine from Pyruvate (via transamination with B6)

38
Q

AAs derived from TCA cycle (α-ketoglutarate)

A

Glutamate (directly), Glutamine (from glutamate), Proline (from glutamate semialdehyde) and Arginine (from ornithine)

39
Q

AAs derived from TCA cycle (Oxaloacetate)

A

Aspartate (Transamination of oxaloacetate) and Asparagine (from Aspartate via asparagine synthetase)

40
Q

Tyrosine synthesis/catecholamine synthesis step 1

A

From Phenylalanine via phenylalanine hydroxylase. Requires THB as a co-factor.

41
Q

Catecholamine synthesis step 2

A

Tyrosine -> Dopa via tyrosine hydroxylase. Rate Limiting Step. Requires THB as a co-factor.

42
Q

Catecholamine synthesis step 3

A

DOPA -> Dopamine via DOPA decarboxylase. B6 as a co-factor

43
Q

Catecholamine synthesis step 4

A

Dopamine -> Nor-epinephrine. Uses Ascorbate as a co-factor

44
Q

Catecholamine synthesis step 5

A

Nor-epinephrine -> Epinephrine. Requires SAM as a co-factor. Uses cortisol.

45
Q

Schizophrenia cause

A

Overproduction of dopamine

46
Q

Parkinson’s disease cause

A

Underproduction of dopamine

47
Q

Pheochromocytoma

A

Benign tumor that produces excessive catecholamine secretion. Can cause life-threatening hypertension or cardiac arrhythmias.

48
Q

MAO

A

Mono amino oxidase. Enzyme that breaks down catecholamines.

49
Q

COMT

A

Catecholamine O-methyl transferase. Enzyme that breaks down catecholamines

50
Q

Formation of melanin

A

DOPA -> Dopaquinone via tyrosinase, copper as a cofactor. Melanin is then produced.

51
Q

Thyroglobulin

A

Used by thyroid to produce T3 and T4 hormones. Made up primarily of tyrosine residues.

52
Q

Melatonin

A

Hormone derived from Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine) which is synethesized from tryptophan

53
Q

5-Hydroxy indole acetic acid

A

Product of serotonin breakdown by MAO

54
Q

MAO-A

A

Can catabolize Epinephrine, Norepinephrine, serotonin, melatonin, Dopamine, Tyramine, and tryptamine

55
Q

MAO-B

A

Can catabolize dopamine, tyramine, and tryptamine

AUC Hematology, Oncology, Immunology (4 decks)

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