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AUC Hematology, Oncology, Immunology > Bacteria > Flashcards

Bacteria Flashcards

1
Q

Gram Negative

A

Thin layer of peptidoglycans between outer membrane and cytoplasmic membrane.

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2
Q

O Antigen

A

Surface antigen on gram negative bacteria that is species specific

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3
Q

Core Polysaccharide

A

Contributes to membrane integrity, anchors O antigen

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4
Q

Lipid A

A

An Endotoxin anchoring the core polysaccharide

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5
Q

Monocyte/Macrophage interaction with LPS

A

Production of cytokines IL-1, IL-6, IL-8, and TNFα. Activates C3a and C5a complements, causing histamine release. Activates coagulation cascade.

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6
Q

Gram Positive cell wall

A

Thick outer peptidoglycan layer with teichoic and lipoteichoic acids. Lipoteichoic acids share LPS properties.

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7
Q

Acid fast cell walls

A

Peptidoglycan w/ lipid based polymers woven throughout. Mycolic acid is present as a cord factor.

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8
Q

Cell-wall less bacteria

A

No peptidoglycan. Sterols within bilayer maintain fluidity. Has adhesions on “neck.” Cannon be stained using gram stains or treated with wall inhibiting antibiotics.

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9
Q

Pilus & Fimbria

A

External structures composed of fimbrins, adhesins, and pilins. Responsible for adhesion to host cell surface, communication, virulence factor, and recombination

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10
Q

Endospore

A

Dormant survival form, not metabolically active. Formed as a response to adverse conditions. High amount of calcium Blount to dipiclonic acid.

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11
Q

Exoenzyme

A

Bacterial products that can be degradative or hydrolytic

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12
Q

Exotoxins

A

Proteins secreted by many bacteria. Gram negative can transport via type 3 transportation.

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13
Q

A-B toxin

A

Most common type of toxin. Two units. B-unit binds to host cell receptor. A-unit mediates enzymatic activity (is toxic) and translocates after B-unit binds.

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14
Q

Membrane disrupting toxins

A

Hydrolytic. Pore former, destruction of phospholipid bilayer. Kills host cell.

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15
Q

Super Antigens.

A

Form bridges between MHC II of macrophages and T cell receptors. Causes cytokine storm of IFNγ, IL-1, IL-6, and TNFα.

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16
Q

Endotoxins

A

Structural component of bacteria, released when lysed.

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17
Q

Blood Agar (BAP)

A

Differential medium. Does not hydrolyze RBCs = γ, partially hydrolyzes = α and a green coloration, completely hydrolyzes = β and clearing of agar.

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18
Q

Chocolate agar (CHOC)

A

Enriched medium

19
Q

Thayer Martin/New York Agar

A

Modified chocolate agar containing antibiotics to prevent growth of genital flora, allowing Neisseria species to grow. Enrichment and selective

20
Q

Mannitol Salt Agar (MSA)

A

Selective and differential. Staphylococcus will grow. S. aureus will change color from red to yellow.

21
Q

MacConkey (MAC)

A

Selective and differential. Only some gram-negative will grow. Those that ferment lactose will change the color to red/purple.

22
Q

Sorbitol MacConkey (SMAC)

A

Modified MAC. Selective and differential. Some gram negative can grow. Those that can ferment sorbitol change the color to red/purple.

23
Q

Hektoen agar

A

Selective and differential. Salmonella will show as green colonies with black centers. Shigella will show yellow-green colonies. Lactose fermenters will turn it salmon colored.

24
Q

Eosin methylene blue

A

Selective and differential for Coliforms. Gram-positive can not grow.

25
Q

ENT/BEA

A

Selective and differential. Inhibits staphylococci and all gram-negative bacteria. Colonies that metabolize esculin form a black precipitate.

26
Q

MYC/SAB

A

Used for fungi

27
Q

Thiosulfate-Citrate-Bile Salts-Sucrose (TCBS)

A

selective and differential. All enterobacteria and enterococci are inhibited, as well as all gram-positive bacteria. Vibrio cholera turns the media yellow. Other vibrios are blue. Some non cholera vibrios may produce H2S and have black centers in their blue colonies.

28
Q

Buffered Charcoal Yeast Extract (BCYE)

A

Enrichment. Grows Gram-negative Legionella pneumophila. Colonies will be white-grey/blue-grey

29
Q

Regan-Lowe/Bordet Gengou

A

Enrichment medium. Cultures Bordetella Pertussis.

30
Q

Lowenstein Jensen

A

Selective and enrichment medium used to culture mycobacterium. Penicillins are added to kill gram positive and gram negative bacteria.

31
Q

Catalase test.

A

Determines if catalase is present. Distinguishes staph from strep. Add H2O2, +/- bubbles.

32
Q

Oxidase test

A

Determine if Oxidase is present. Add chemical, +,- dark purple color.

33
Q

Coagulase test

A

Important in identification of S. Aureus and Y. Pestis. +/- agglutination results after antibodies against coagulase are added.

34
Q

Lancefield test

A

Differentiate between groups of streptococcus. +/- agglutination results

35
Q

Nitrite

A

Determines if organism can reduce nitrate to nitrite. Red is positive. Can use dipstick

36
Q

Urease

A

Broth contains urea and a pH indicator. If urease is present, solution turns pink

37
Q

Índole test

A

If Índole is present, bacteria can split tryptophan. This will turn the test bright red

38
Q

Sugar fermentations

A

Multiple tubes with different sugars have the same organism added to each, allowing us to determine which sugars can be metabolized by said organism.

39
Q

Susceptibility testing

A

Discs with various chemicals are added to cultured bacteria. Zones of clarity indicate dying bacteria and show sensitivity to that chemical.

40
Q

CAMP Test

A

Used to identify S. Agalactiae and Listeria. S. Aureus (known positive) is streaked in a line, and your test is streaked perpendicular to S. Aureus streak without touching. Positive shows an “arrowhead” hemolysis between junction of S. Aureus and CAMP producer.

41
Q

Transformation

A

Naked DNA uptake

42
Q

Transduction

A

bacterial DNA transfer via viruses

43
Q

Conjugation

A

DNA transfer via cell/cell contact.

AUC Hematology, Oncology, Immunology (4 decks)

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