Molecular Bio Flashcards
giemsa stain
giemsa stain binds to phosphates in regions of DNA with high AT binding. Giemsa stain is often used for G-banding to look for dark regions of chromosomes when karyotyping. May be used to identify translocations
heterochromatin
heterochromatin is densely packed chromatin not actively undergoing transcription or replication
copy number variation vs tandem repeats
copy number variants are either duplications or deletions of duplications of large copied portions of the genome.
tandem repeats are repeated portions of the dna seqquence that are generally shorter. for example, short tandem repeats are often used in dna fingerprinting. tandem repeats are common in heterochromatin, telomeres, and centromers.
Transcription terminology: coding vs noncoding strand
the coding strand (aka sense strand) will look exactly like the transcribed RNA strand
the noncoding strand is what is actually transcribed. It is the tempolate that RNA uses to create a complementary sequence to. the noncoding strand is known as the antisense or transcribed strand
what is the methylation of CpG islands responsible for?
methylation of CpG islands stably silences gene expression after cellular differentiation has occurred.
describe southern blotting
southern blotting is used to determine whether a certain gene is present in a DNA sample. The DNA sample is denatured and fragmented by making the solution basic and adding restriction enzymes. the dna is then ran on a gel to separate fragments. the DNA in the gel is then transferred over to a filter. the filter is washed with radiolabeled cDNA which is complementary to the gene that you’re looking for.
expressivity vs penetrance
expressivity measure the degree of a particular genotype expressed at the phenotypic level
penetrance is the measure of a phenotype
color blindness is as sex linked recessive trait
yeah
temporal isolation is what kind of reproductive barrier
prezygotic. temporal isolation is when two species differ in reproductive cycles by either day or night/ summer or winter. therefore, they cannot mate
disruptive selection
the selection for two extreme phenotypes on a continuum.
differential reproduction
the idea that certain individuals are more likely to mate that others
exergonic vs exothermic
exergonic refers to the change in free energy or delta G
exothermic refers only to enthalpy
what are the three steps in glycolysis that are associated with large negative free energy changes?
glucose to glucose six phosphate
phosphoenolpyruvate to pyruvate
fructose six phosphate to fructose one,six biphosphate
