BioChem

Question 1

Glycolysis input/output

Answer 1

Input: Glucose + 2NAD + 2P + 2 ADP Output: 2 pyruvate + 2NADH + 2H + 2H2O + 2ATP

Question 2

glycolysis happens in cytoplasm. how does pyruvate get into mitochondria?

Answer 2

pyruvate translocase

Question 3

function of PDC

Answer 3

pyruvate dehydrogenase complex oxidizes pyruvate into acetyl coA + CO2 + NADH

Question 4

PDC regulation

Answer 4

stimulated by high ADP/ATP ratio

Question 5

Krebs output per glucose

Answer 5

6NADH 2FADH2 2GTP 2CO2

Question 6

Krebs substrates

Answer 6

A Cougar I ate said: sugar, fuck me only acetyl coA>citrate>isocitrate>alphaketoglutarate>succynyl coA>succinate>fumarate>malate>oxaloacetate

Question 7

thiamine pyrophosphate

Answer 7

thio-vitamine vitamin B involved in PDC complex involved in alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex

Question 8

definition of prosthetic group

Answer 8

nonprotein molecule covalently bound to an enzyme as part of the enzymes active site

Question 9

definition of cofactor

Answer 9

various organic and inorganic substances necessary to the function of an enzyme but which never actually interact with the enzyme

Question 10

describe ETC electron carrier organization

Answer 10

1) NADH dehydrogenase (aka coenzyme Q reductase) oxidizes NADH and eventually passes those 2 electrons to ubiquinone (aka coenzyme Q). 2) Coenzyme Q is a mobile electron carrier that takes the electrons to the next carrier, cytochrome C reductase. 3) cytochrome C reductase obtains electrons from ubiquinone. cytochrome C reductase transfers electrons to… you guessed it… cytochrome C 4) cytochrome C is another mobile electron carrier. cytochrome C delivers electrons to cytochrome C oxidase. 4) cytochrome C oxidase passes the electrons to the final electron acceptor>usually oxygen

Question 11

ubiquinone receives electrons from these three sources:

Answer 11

1) traditional ETC chain, ubiquinone receives 2 elecrons from NADH dehydrogenase/NADH oxidized 2) FADH2 delivers electrons directly to coenzyme Q, bypassing NADH dehydrogenase 3) NADH produced in cytosol is delivered to mitochrondria via glycerol phosphate shuttle. The NADH from cytosol delivers electrons directly to ubquinone (I presume due to its ability to receive electrons from cytosol side of mitochondrial matrix)

Question 12

of hydrogens pumped across mitochondrial matrix per NADH molecule oxidized (traditional full ETC involvement)

Answer 12

about ten hydrogens are pumped across the mitochondrial matrix per NADH oxidized

Question 13

of hydrogens required to produce an ATP in the ETC

Answer 13

It requires 3 hydrgoens to create the ATP but 1 extra hydrogen to transport the incoming phosphate therefore, it take 4 hydrogens to create an ATP

Question 14

how many ATP are created by NADH oxidized via traditional ETC

Answer 14

NADH oxidation: 10 hydrogens pumped across membrane ATP synthesis: 4 hydrogens/ATP therefore, 2.5 ATP created/ NADH oxidized

Question 15

How many hydrogens pumped across membrane/FADH2 reduced

Answer 15

6 hydrogens are pumped across the mitochondrial membrane per FADH2 oxidized. This Is because FADH2 skips NADH dehydrogenase and is oxidized by ubiquinone

Question 16

total ATP produced per glucose in eukaryotes

Answer 16

30

Question 17

total ATP produced per glucose in eukaryotes. why is this different from prokaryotes

Answer 17

32. prokaryotes don’t have to waste energy trying to shuttle NADH across mitochondria. Prokaryotic ATP synthase is located in their plasma membrane

Question 18

where is glycogen stored

Answer 18

liver and muscle

Question 19

where does gluconeogenesis occur

Answer 19

liver only. muscle doesn’t have necessary enzymes

Question 20

what are the products of amino acid catabolism

Answer 20

alpha ketoacid and urea

and ketone bodies and glucose

Question 21

describe pentose phosphate pathway

Answer 21

means of diverting glucose-6-phosphate to uses other than glycolysis such as: Gluc-6-P>Ribose-6-P> Nucleotides and NADPH

Question 22

Krebs cycle regulation: Enzyme, positive regulator, negative regulator

Answer 22

enzyme: isocitrate dehydrogenase :positive regulator: ADP Negative regulator: ATP,NADH

Question 23

glycolysis regulation: enzyme, positive regulator, negative regulator

Answer 23

enzyme: phosphofructokinase positive regulators: fructose 2,6 bisphosphate negative regulators: ATP

Question 24

gluconeogenesis regulation: enzyme, positive regulator, negative regulator

Answer 24

enzyme: fructose 1,6 bisphosphatase posititve regulator- X negative regulator: Fructose 2,6 bisphosphatase

Question 25

metabolic response to low blood sugar

Answer 25

low blood sugar detected, glucagon released from alpha cells of pancrerase, binds to cell surface receptor because glucagon is peptide hormone, increases cAMP, activates protein kinase, protein kinase phosphorylates PFK-2/F-2,6-Bisphosphatase, phosphorylated F-2,6,BPase deactivates PFK-1 and deactivates F-2,6-BP deactivation of F-2,6BP increases F-1,6BPase which pushes metablism towards gluconeogenisis.. F-1,6BPase catalyzes a large energy reverse step in glycolysis: F-1,6BP > F6P and pushes back toward gluconeogenesis

Question 26

describe glycogenolysis in the liver and muscle in response to glucagon and epinepherine

Answer 26

Liver responds to glucagon and epinepherine by increasing glycogenolysis Muscle response ONLY to epinepherine

Question 27

describe fat digestion describe fatty acid metabolism

Answer 27

1) fats eaten and sent to stomach. In the stomach, they ar mixed with acid. In the stomach, fatty acids don’t digest they just make a immiscible solution and float on top of other materials. Once the pyloric sphincter opens, fats travel into the duodenum. Presence of food in the small intestine stimultaes cholecystokynin release. CCK activates the gallbladder to release bile. Further, CCK stimulates the pancrease to release pancreatic lipase. Biile emulsifies fats into micelles which allows pancreatic lipase to begin hydrolyzing the triglycerides into fatty acids. Fatty acids can diffuse into small intestine epithelium where they reform into tryglycerides and are pulled into chylomicrons. chylomicrons are take up via lacteals of the lymphatic system where they are eventually drained back into veinous blood supply near the neck. chylomicrons can now travel to the liver, adipocytes,etc 2) The first step in breaking down fats to use them for energy is to hydrolize triglycerides into FFA’s. Then, FFA’s can be attached to acyl-coA (requires 2ATP), bound to carnitine and shuttled into the mitochondria for beta-oxidation. Beta oxidation is a set of reactions that ultimately cleaves the bond beta alpha and beta carbons on the Fatty acid. This produces an acetyl-Coa, 1FADH2, and 1NADH for each round of Beta oxidation.

Question 28

FA synthesis

Answer 28

initial activation requires Acetyl-Coa carboxylase to catalyze acetyl-Coa into malonyl coA. malonyl coA is the molecule used by fatty acid synthase to tranfer two carbon units to the growing chain of molecules on the fatty acid Fatty acid synthesis requires NADPH

Question 29

common monosacharides

Answer 29

Question 30

Polar, Neutral amino acids

Answer 30

tyrosine

asparigine

glutamine

threonine

cysteine

serine

Question 31

Polar, Basic Amino Acids

Answer 31

Basic H.A.L

Histidine

Arginine

Lysine

Question 32

polar, acidic amino acids

Answer 32

apartic acid

glutamic acid

Question 33

Nonpolar, neutral

amino acids

Answer 33

glycine

leucine

isoleucine

tryptophan

proline

methionine

phenylalalnine

alnanine

valine

Question 34

where is NADPH made?

Where is NADPH used?

Answer 34

NADPH is made as a side product in the pentose phosphate pathway

NADPH is used in fatty acid synthesis. Think about it. something has to reduce the acetyl coA into a reduced fatty acid chain. what is going to do all of the reducing? NADPH!

NADPH is also used to create reactive oxygen species that is used in peroxisomes to destroy stuff