MOLECULAR BASIS OF HEREDITY: DNA, RNA, AND PROTEINS Flashcards
1
Q
What are the 3 basic components of nucleotide?
A
NPP
- Nitrogenous bases
- Pentose sugar
- Phosphate group
2
Q
What are the 2 purine bases?
A
Adenine and Guanine (AG)
3
Q
What are the 2 Pyrimidine bases?
A
Thymine and Cytosine (TC)
4
Q
What are the 2 nitrogenous bases?
A
Purine and Pyrimidine bases
5
Q
What is the pentose sugar of of DNA?
A
Deoxyribose
6
Q
What is the pentose sugar of RNA?
A
Ribose
7
Q
Pentose sugar + Nitrogen base = ?
A
Nucleoside
8
Q
Phosphate group + Pentose sugar + Nitrogen base = ?
A
Nucleotide
9
Q
Who demonstrated how the 3 components are physically assembled to form DNA?
A
WATSON AND CRICK
10
Q
This is a model in which DNA is like a twisted ladder with chemical bonds as its rungs?
A
Double helix model
11
Q
Nucleotides are joined to form a?
A
Polynucleotide chain
12
Q
Covalent bond that links adjacent nucleotides?
A
Phosphodiester bond
13
Q
5’-phosphate group of the new nucleotide
is linked to the free 3’-OH group of the
existing nucleotide?
A
Phosphodiester bond
14
Q
Nitrogenous base pairings (DNA):
- Adenine is for ?
- Guanine is for ?
A
Adenine = Thymine
Guanine = Cytosine
15
Q
Nitrogenous base pairings (DNA):
- Thymine is for ?
- Cytosine is for ?
A
Thymine = Adenine
Cytosine = Guanine
16
Q
Nitrogenous base pairings (RNA):
- Adenine is for?
A
Uracil
17
Q
It contribute to holding the strands together?
A
Hydrogen bonds
18
Q
How many pairs of hydrogen does A – T pair has?
A
2 hydrogen binds
19
Q
How many pairs of hydrogen does G – C pair has?
A
3 hydrogen bonds
20
Q
The ________ 5′ end of one strand is opposite the 3′ end of the other
A
DNA duplex
21
Q
The DNA duplex have what orientation?
A
Have opposite orientations = antiparallel
22
Q
It is important for the attachment of DNA binding Proteins involved in replication and transcription?
A
Major and minor grooves
23
Q
It is important in duplicating the DNA so that there will be sister chromatids at anaphase stage and at the end of cytokinesis, each daughter cell would have the genetic material?
A
Replication
24
Q
DNA replication is described as?
A
Semiconservative
25
Each double-stranded daughter DNA molecule, will have one template strand (from the _________________) and a
newly synthesized strand
Parent strand
26
What are the 3 major steps under replication?
UDE
1. Unwinding of the double-stranded DNA
2. DNA synthesis
3. Rewinding of the double helix
27
It unwinds the two DNA strands at the replication fork?
Helicase
28
It stabilize ssDNA as it forms so it will not anneal to reform the double helix?
Single-strand DNA binding proteins (SSB)
29
It releases the tension (positive supercoils) ahead of the replication fork caused by the unwinding of the DNA helix?
DNA Gyrase
30
What do you called the tension release by DNA gyrase ahead of the replication fork caused by the unwinding of the DNA helix?
Positive supercoils
31
The unwinding of parental strands through
Helicase protein binding creates a?
Replication fork
32
It is needed at the start of DNA synthesis since it provides the 3’-OH group, to which new nucleotides are added?
Short RNA primer
33
DNA polymerase binding at the DNA template which adds (______________) at the RNA primer
DNA nucleotide
34
Adding of nucleotides by (_____________) in a 5’ to
3’ direction to both Parental DNA templates
DNA polymerase
35
The other strand produced short fragments (_______________), known as discontinuous synthesis?
Okazaki fragments
36
It's proofreading the newly synthesized DNA and replacing incorrect bases?
DNA polymerase
37
It's rewinding the DNA double helix and ligase sealing the sugar-phosphate?
Annealing helicase
38
It is the process by which an RNA sequence is formed from a DNA template?
Transcription
39
What are the 3 major steps for Transcription?
IET
1. Initiation
2. Elongation
3. Termination
40
What are the role of two complementary DNA strands in
transcription?
1. Template Strand
2. Coding Strand
41
It is used for RNA synthesis (serves as template)?
TEMPLATE STRAND
42
Other name of TEMPLATE STRAND?
Antisense strand
43
It has the same sequence as the RNA produced, with
exception of U replacing T?
CODING STRAND
44
It is non-template strand?
CODING STRAND
45
Other name for CODING STRAND?
sense strand
46
Type of RNA produced by the transcription process?
MESSENGER RNA (mRNA)
47
One of the RNA polymerase enzymes (______________________) binds to a promoter site on the DNA
RNA polymerase II for mRNA
48
It pulls a portion of the DNA strands apart
from each other, exposing unattached DNA bases?
RNA poll
49
What is the template DNA strand?
Antisense strand
50
What is the another DNA strand that doesn’t serve as template?
Sense strand
51
The RNA sequence is synthesized only in (__________)
direction
5’ to 3’ direction
52
RNA Pol moves in (_______) direction along the DNA template strand
3’ to 5’ direction
53
Assembling mRNA strand from (__________) direction
5’ to 3’
54
Transcription continues until a group of bases called (___________________) is reached
Termination sequence
55
It is a modifications that occur in a primary mRNA molecule before it leaves the nucleus?
POST-TRANSCRIPTION MODIFICATION
56
RNA products of transcription are not necessarily functional RNAs?
POST-TRANSCRIPTION MODIFICATION
57
What are the 3 process of POST-TRANSCRIPTION MODIFICATION?
SCP
■ Splicing
■ Capping
■ Polyadenylation
58
It is the process in which introns in the precursor mRNA are EXCISED, and the exons are SPLICED together to form a (___________)?
SPLICING, shorter mature mRNA
59
5’ end of RNA is capped by the addition of a
methylated guanine nucleotide?
CAPPING
60
5’ end of RNA is capped by the addition of a what component?
Methylated guanine nucleotide
61
3’ end acquires a poly(A) tail that contains approx.
200 adenine residues
POLYADENYLATION
62
Itis the process in which mRNA provides a template for the synthesis of a protein?
Translation
63
After DNA replication, there is what we call?
mRNA synthesis
64
Transcription happens on one side or two side of strand of the DNA?
only on one side os trands
65
In DNA synthesis sa replication, one strand or two strands
Two DNA strands
66
3 major steps of Translation?
1. Initiation
2. Elongation
3. Termination
67
It carries code for protein synthesis?
MESSENGER RNA (mRNA)
68
Component of the ribosome (structural support
and catalytic activity)
RIBOSOMAL RNA (rRNA)
69
It's adaptor molecule that provides physical and
informational link between mRNA and the polypeptide being synthesized?
TRANSFER RNA tRNA)
70
The ribosome provides an enzyme that catalyzes the covalent peptide bonds between adjacent amino acids, resulting in a growing polypeptide – catalyzed by enzyme called?
Peptidyl transferase
70
Site of protein synthesis?
RIBOSOMES
71
Active site and catalyzes peptide bond formation?
Large subunit
71
Example of POST-TRANSLATION MODIFICATION?
■ Proteolytic cleavage into smaller
polypeptide units
■ Combination with other
polypeptides to form larger
proteins
■ Addition of carbohydrate or lipid
moieties
■ Modification of amino-acid side
chains
71
Made up of two different sized subunits, which consist of different types of rRNA molecules and many ribosomal specific proteins?
RIBOSOMES
71
AUG codon (start codon) is codes for?
methionine
71
Initiation site =
AUG codon (start codon)
72
This occurs when the ribosome arrives at a stop codon on the mRNA sequence?
Termination of translation
72
Decoding site and mediates interaction between mRNA and tRNA?
Small subunit
72
Modifications that occur in newly synthesized polypeptides to become functional proteins?
POST-TRANSLATION MODIFICATION
72
It is the type of protein structure that is:
- three-dimensional framework of the polypeptide, due to interactions between the R groups of the AA sequence of the protein [Hydrophobic interactions, H bonds (noncovalent bonds), sulfur bridges]
TERTIARY
72
It is the type of protein structure that is:
- local folded proteins that occur inside a polypeptide due to atom interactions (alpha-helix and beta-pleated sheets)
SECONDARY
72
It is the type of protein structure that is:
- linear sequence of amino acids
PRIMARY
72
It is the type of protein composition that is:
- Contain a series of amino acids only
SIMPLE PROTEINS
73
It is the type of protein composition that is:
- Amino acid residues plus prosthetic groups
CONJUGATED PROTEINS
73
WHAT IS PROSTHETIC GROUP OF THE CONJUGATED PROTEIN:
Nucleoproteins
Nucleic acids
73
It is the type of protein structure that is:
- association of two or more polypeptides into a multi-subunit complex;assembly of individual polypeptides into a larger functional cluster(contains more than one subunit –
hemoglobin)
QUATERNARY
73
WHAT IS PROSTHETIC GROUP OF THE CONJUGATED PROTEIN:
Glycoproteins
Carbohydrates
73
WHAT IS PROSTHETIC GROUP OF THE CONJUGATED PROTEIN:
Lipoprotein
Lipids
74
WHAT IS PROSTHETIC GROUP OF THE CONJUGATED PROTEIN:
Phosphoproteins
Phosphate groups
74
WHAT IS PROSTHETIC GROUP OF THE CONJUGATED PROTEIN:
Hemoproteins
Heme
75
WHAT IS PROSTHETIC GROUP OF THE CONJUGATED PROTEIN:
Metalloproteins
Iron or zinc
76
It catalyze covalent bond breakage or formation; enzymes speed up chemical reactions?
ENZYMES (CATALYTIC)
77
It provide mechanical support to cells and tissues
STRUCTURAL
78
generate movement (actin, myosin)
MOVEMENT (CONTRACTILE)
78
store amino acids or ions
STORAGE
78
bind to DNA to switch the gene on or of
REGULATORY
78
serves as antibodies that protect the body from antigens; serves as coagulation factors
PROTECTIVE
78
carry small molecules or ions
TRANSPORT
78
carry extracellular signals from cell to cell
NERVE IMPULSIVE TRANSMISSION (HORMONES)
