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MOLBIO > MOLECULAR BASIS OF HEREDITY: DNA, RNA, AND PROTEINS > Flashcards

MOLECULAR BASIS OF HEREDITY: DNA, RNA, AND PROTEINS Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 basic components of nucleotide?

A

NPP

  1. Nitrogenous bases
  2. Pentose sugar
  3. Phosphate group
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2
Q

What are the 2 purine bases?

A

Adenine and Guanine (AG)

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3
Q

What are the 2 Pyrimidine bases?

A

Thymine and Cytosine (TC)

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4
Q

What are the 2 nitrogenous bases?

A

Purine and Pyrimidine bases

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5
Q

What is the pentose sugar of of DNA?

A

Deoxyribose

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6
Q

What is the pentose sugar of RNA?

A

Ribose

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7
Q

Pentose sugar + Nitrogen base = ?

A

Nucleoside

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8
Q

Phosphate group + Pentose sugar + Nitrogen base = ?

A

Nucleotide

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9
Q

Who demonstrated how the 3 components are physically assembled to form DNA?

A

WATSON AND CRICK

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10
Q

This is a model in which DNA is like a twisted ladder with chemical bonds as its rungs?

A

Double helix model

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11
Q

Nucleotides are joined to form a?

A

Polynucleotide chain

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12
Q

Covalent bond that links adjacent nucleotides?

A

Phosphodiester bond

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13
Q

5’-phosphate group of the new nucleotide
is linked to the free 3’-OH group of the
existing nucleotide?

A

Phosphodiester bond

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14
Q

Nitrogenous base pairings (DNA):
- Adenine is for ?
- Guanine is for ?

A

Adenine = Thymine
Guanine = Cytosine

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15
Q

Nitrogenous base pairings (DNA):
- Thymine is for ?
- Cytosine is for ?

A

Thymine = Adenine
Cytosine = Guanine

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16
Q

Nitrogenous base pairings (RNA):
- Adenine is for?

A

Uracil

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17
Q

It contribute to holding the strands together?

A

Hydrogen bonds

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18
Q

How many pairs of hydrogen does A – T pair has?

A

2 hydrogen binds

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19
Q

How many pairs of hydrogen does G – C pair has?

A

3 hydrogen bonds

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20
Q

The ________ 5′ end of one strand is opposite the 3′ end of the other

A

DNA duplex

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21
Q

The DNA duplex have what orientation?

A

Have opposite orientations = antiparallel

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22
Q

It is important for the attachment of DNA binding Proteins involved in replication and transcription?

A

Major and minor grooves

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23
Q

It is important in duplicating the DNA so that there will be sister chromatids at anaphase stage and at the end of cytokinesis, each daughter cell would have the genetic material?

A

Replication

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24
Q

DNA replication is described as?

A

Semiconservative

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25
Q

Each double-stranded daughter DNA molecule, will have one template strand (from the _________________) and a
newly synthesized strand

A

Parent strand

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26
Q

What are the 3 major steps under replication?

A

UDE

  1. Unwinding of the double-stranded DNA
  2. DNA synthesis
  3. Rewinding of the double helix
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27
Q

It unwinds the two DNA strands at the replication fork?

A

Helicase

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28
Q

It stabilize ssDNA as it forms so it will not anneal to reform the double helix?

A

Single-strand DNA binding proteins (SSB)

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29
Q

It releases the tension (positive supercoils) ahead of the replication fork caused by the unwinding of the DNA helix?

A

DNA Gyrase

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30
Q

What do you called the tension release by DNA gyrase ahead of the replication fork caused by the unwinding of the DNA helix?

A

Positive supercoils

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31
Q

The unwinding of parental strands through
Helicase protein binding creates a?

A

Replication fork

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32
Q

It is needed at the start of DNA synthesis since it provides the 3’-OH group, to which new nucleotides are added?

A

Short RNA primer

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33
Q

DNA polymerase binding at the DNA template which adds (______________) at the RNA primer

A

DNA nucleotide

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34
Q

Adding of nucleotides by (_____________) in a 5’ to
3’ direction to both Parental DNA templates

A

DNA polymerase

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35
Q

The other strand produced short fragments (_______________), known as discontinuous synthesis?

A

Okazaki fragments

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36
Q

It’s proofreading the newly synthesized DNA and replacing incorrect bases?

A

DNA polymerase

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37
Q

It’s rewinding the DNA double helix and ligase sealing the sugar-phosphate?

A

Annealing helicase

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38
Q

It is the process by which an RNA sequence is formed from a DNA template?

A

Transcription

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39
Q

What are the 3 major steps for Transcription?

A

IET

  1. Initiation
  2. Elongation
  3. Termination
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40
Q

What are the role of two complementary DNA strands in
transcription?

A
  1. Template Strand
  2. Coding Strand
41
Q

It is used for RNA synthesis (serves as template)?

A

TEMPLATE STRAND

42
Q

Other name of TEMPLATE STRAND?

A

Antisense strand

43
Q

It has the same sequence as the RNA produced, with
exception of U replacing T?

A

CODING STRAND

44
Q

It is non-template strand?

A

CODING STRAND

45
Q

Other name for CODING STRAND?

A

sense strand

46
Q

Type of RNA produced by the transcription process?

A

MESSENGER RNA (mRNA)

47
Q

One of the RNA polymerase enzymes (______________________) binds to a promoter site on the DNA

A

RNA polymerase II for mRNA

48
Q

It pulls a portion of the DNA strands apart
from each other, exposing unattached DNA bases?

A

RNA poll

49
Q

What is the template DNA strand?

A

Antisense strand

50
Q

What is the another DNA strand that doesn’t serve as template?

A

Sense strand

51
Q

The RNA sequence is synthesized only in (__________)
direction

A

5’ to 3’ direction

52
Q

RNA Pol moves in (_______) direction along the DNA template strand

A

3’ to 5’ direction

53
Q

Assembling mRNA strand from (__________) direction

A

5’ to 3’

54
Q

Transcription continues until a group of bases called (___________________) is reached

A

Termination sequence

55
Q

It is a modifications that occur in a primary mRNA molecule before it leaves the nucleus?

A

POST-TRANSCRIPTION MODIFICATION

56
Q

RNA products of transcription are not necessarily functional RNAs?

A

POST-TRANSCRIPTION MODIFICATION

57
Q

What are the 3 process of POST-TRANSCRIPTION MODIFICATION?

A

SCP

■ Splicing
■ Capping
■ Polyadenylation

58
Q

It is the process in which introns in the precursor mRNA are EXCISED, and the exons are SPLICED together to form a (___________)?

A

SPLICING, shorter mature mRNA

59
Q

5’ end of RNA is capped by the addition of a
methylated guanine nucleotide?

A

CAPPING

60
Q

5’ end of RNA is capped by the addition of a what component?

A

Methylated guanine nucleotide

61
Q

3’ end acquires a poly(A) tail that contains approx.
200 adenine residues

A

POLYADENYLATION

62
Q

Itis the process in which mRNA provides a template for the synthesis of a protein?

A

Translation

63
Q

After DNA replication, there is what we call?

A

mRNA synthesis

64
Q

Transcription happens on one side or two side of strand of the DNA?

A

only on one side os trands

65
Q

In DNA synthesis sa replication, one strand or two strands

A

Two DNA strands

66
Q

3 major steps of Translation?

A
  1. Initiation
  2. Elongation
  3. Termination
67
Q

It carries code for protein synthesis?

A

MESSENGER RNA (mRNA)

68
Q

Component of the ribosome (structural support
and catalytic activity)

A

RIBOSOMAL RNA (rRNA)

69
Q

It’s adaptor molecule that provides physical and
informational link between mRNA and the polypeptide being synthesized?

A

TRANSFER RNA tRNA)

70
Q

The ribosome provides an enzyme that catalyzes the covalent peptide bonds between adjacent amino acids, resulting in a growing polypeptide – catalyzed by enzyme called?

A

Peptidyl transferase

70
Q

Site of protein synthesis?

A

RIBOSOMES

71
Q

Active site and catalyzes peptide bond formation?

A

Large subunit

71
Q

Example of POST-TRANSLATION MODIFICATION?

A

■ Proteolytic cleavage into smaller
polypeptide units
■ Combination with other
polypeptides to form larger
proteins
■ Addition of carbohydrate or lipid
moieties
■ Modification of amino-acid side
chains

71
Q

Made up of two different sized subunits, which consist of different types of rRNA molecules and many ribosomal specific proteins?

A

RIBOSOMES

71
Q

AUG codon (start codon) is codes for?

A

methionine

71
Q

Initiation site =

A

AUG codon (start codon)

72
Q

This occurs when the ribosome arrives at a stop codon on the mRNA sequence?

A

Termination of translation

72
Q

Decoding site and mediates interaction between mRNA and tRNA?

A

Small subunit

72
Q

Modifications that occur in newly synthesized polypeptides to become functional proteins?

A

POST-TRANSLATION MODIFICATION

72
Q

It is the type of protein structure that is:
- three-dimensional framework of the polypeptide, due to interactions between the R groups of the AA sequence of the protein [Hydrophobic interactions, H bonds (noncovalent bonds), sulfur bridges]

A

TERTIARY

72
Q

It is the type of protein structure that is:
- local folded proteins that occur inside a polypeptide due to atom interactions (alpha-helix and beta-pleated sheets)

A

SECONDARY

72
Q

It is the type of protein structure that is:
- linear sequence of amino acids

A

PRIMARY

72
Q

It is the type of protein composition that is:
- Contain a series of amino acids only

A

SIMPLE PROTEINS

73
Q

It is the type of protein composition that is:
- Amino acid residues plus prosthetic groups

A

CONJUGATED PROTEINS

73
Q

WHAT IS PROSTHETIC GROUP OF THE CONJUGATED PROTEIN:

Nucleoproteins

A

Nucleic acids

73
Q

It is the type of protein structure that is:
- association of two or more polypeptides into a multi-subunit complex;assembly of individual polypeptides into a larger functional cluster(contains more than one subunit –
hemoglobin)

A

QUATERNARY

73
Q

WHAT IS PROSTHETIC GROUP OF THE CONJUGATED PROTEIN:

Glycoproteins

A

Carbohydrates

73
Q

WHAT IS PROSTHETIC GROUP OF THE CONJUGATED PROTEIN:

Lipoprotein

A

Lipids

74
Q

WHAT IS PROSTHETIC GROUP OF THE CONJUGATED PROTEIN:

Phosphoproteins

A

Phosphate groups

74
Q

WHAT IS PROSTHETIC GROUP OF THE CONJUGATED PROTEIN:

Hemoproteins

A

Heme

75
Q

WHAT IS PROSTHETIC GROUP OF THE CONJUGATED PROTEIN:

Metalloproteins

A

Iron or zinc

76
Q

It catalyze covalent bond breakage or formation; enzymes speed up chemical reactions?

A

ENZYMES (CATALYTIC)

77
Q

It provide mechanical support to cells and tissues

A

STRUCTURAL

78
Q

generate movement (actin, myosin)

A

MOVEMENT (CONTRACTILE)

78
Q

store amino acids or ions

A

STORAGE

78
Q

bind to DNA to switch the gene on or of

A

REGULATORY

78
Q

serves as antibodies that protect the body from antigens; serves as coagulation factors

A

PROTECTIVE

78
Q

carry small molecules or ions

A

TRANSPORT

78
Q

carry extracellular signals from cell to cell

A

NERVE IMPULSIVE TRANSMISSION (HORMONES)

MOLBIO (3 decks)

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