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MOLBIO > Chromosomes > Flashcards

Chromosomes Flashcards

1
Q

Who first describes the chromosomes and in what year?

A

(WEE)
Walther Flemming; Eduard Strasburger and Edouard van Beneden

  • In 1879-1892
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2
Q

The term chromosomes is first used by? and what year?

A

Henrich Wilhelm Gottfried Waldeyer (HWGW)

  • 1888
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3
Q

Chroma from chromosomes is means?

A

Color

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4
Q

Soma from chromosomes is means?

A

Body

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5
Q

Chromatin fibers undergo __________,__________, and _____________ during prophase so that the chromosomes become moe progressively thinner?

A

Folding, coiling, and supercoiling

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6
Q

Chromosome are compose of thin chromatin threads called?

A

Chromatin fibers

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7
Q

Chromatin is readily observed in light microscope. True or False?

A

True

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8
Q

At the end of cell division, on the other hand, the fibers coil and extend as fine chromatin threads, which are visible at light microscope? True or False

A

False, it is not visible because it is too thin for light microscope to see

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9
Q

Who discovered the “chromosome theory of inheritance” and what year?

A

Walter Sutton and Theodor Boveri

  • 1902
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10
Q

What theory shown that chromosomes occur in pairs, one parent contributes each member of the pair, and the pairs separate during meiosis?

A

“chromosome theory of inheritance”

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11
Q

Who suggested that t genes reside in chromosome as seen in Drosophila?

A

Thomas Hunt Morgan

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12
Q

What animal used to become their muse for understanding genes and inheritance?

A

Fruit flies

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12
Q

It contained in single chromosomes, which are usually circular DNA molecules.

A

Genome of prokaryotes

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13
Q

Complexed with histone-like proteins in a structure
termed the?

A

Nucleoid

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14
Q

It is naked DNA and attached to the plasma membrane?

A

Prokaryotic chromosomes

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15
Q

It is typically are not essential for bacterial growth. Instead, they carry genes that confer desirable traits to the bacteria,
such as antibiotic resistance.

A

Plasmids

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15
Q

Prokaryotes also frequently carry one or more smaller
independent circular DNAs, called

A

Plasmids

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16
Q

What cell may also contain plasmids that are autonomously self-replicating extrachromosomal DNA that confer special characteristics to the cell in which it is present?

A

Bacteria cell

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17
Q

Example of plasmids that can be present in many complete copies per cell?

A

Antibiotic Resistance genes

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18
Q

In plasmids (F+ plasmid) means?

A

Fertility factor

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19
Q

A molecule that carries the gentic information in all cellular forms?

(Plasmid DNA or Chromosomal DNA)

A

Chromosomal DNA

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19
Q

Not considered as genomic DNA as it is form of extrachromosomal DNA

(Plasmid DNA or Chromosomal DNA)

A

Plasmid DNA

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20
Q

A small, circular, double stranded DNA molecule that is distinct from a cell chromosomal DNA

(Plasmid DNA or Chromosomal DNA)

A

Plasmid DNA

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21
Q

A type of genomic DNA

(Plasmid DNA or Chromosomal DNA)

A

Chromosomal DNA

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22
Q

Naturally occurs only in prokaryocytes

(Plasmid DNA or Chromosomal DNA)

A

Plasmid DNA

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23
Q

Occurs in both the eukaryote and prokaryocyte

(Plasmid DNA or Chromosomal DNA)

A

Chromosomal DNA

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23
Q

Genes are not necessary for the general function of the cell

(Plasmid DNA or Chromosomal DNA)

A

Plasmid DNA

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24
Q

Circular

(Plasmid DNA or Chromosomal DNA)

A

Plasmid DNA

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24
Q

Linear in prokaryocyte and circular in eukaryocyte

(Plasmid DNA or Chromosomal DNA)

A

Chrmowsomal DNA

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25
Q

Number of particulartype of DNA vary from 1 to thousands

(Plasmid DNA or Chromosomal DNA)

A

Plasmid DNA

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25
Q

Number of copies of a particular chromosome per cell is determined based on the species

(Plasmid DNA or Chromosomal DNA)

A

Chromosomal DNA

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26
Q

INformation encoded by the genes is necessary for the growth, development and reproduction of the organisms

(Plasmid DNA or Chromosomal DNA)

A

Chromosomal DNA

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26
Q

Can replicate independently from the genome

(Plasmid DNA or Chromosomal DNA)

A

Plasmid DNA

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27
Q

Eukaryocute have exons and introns, but the prokaryocyte have an open reading frame

(Plasmid DNA or Chromosomal DNA)

A

Chromosomal DNA

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27
Q

Replicate along the genome

(Plasmid DNA or Chromosomal DNA)

A

Chromosomal DNA

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28
Q

Has open reading frame; doesn’t havee exons and introns?

(Plasmid DNA or Chromosomal DNA)

A

Plasmid DNA

28
Q

Can be transferred by means of horizontal gene transfer

(Plasmid DNA or Chromosomal DNA)

A

Plasmid DNA

28
Q

Can only be transferred by means of cell division

(Plasmid DNA or Chromosomal DNA)

A

Chrmosomal DNA

29
Q

THE BACTERIAL CHROMOSOME IS CONDENSED INTO?

A

Chromosomal domains

29
Q

Plays a vital role in the recombinant DNA technology

(Plasmid DNA or Chromosomal DNA)

A

Plasmid DNA

29
Q

Important in the study of genetic information?

(Plasmid DNA or Chromosomal DNA)

A

Chromosomal DNA

29
Q

where it is organized into 50 or 60 loops or domains that are bound to a central protein scaffold, attached to the cell membrane?

A

Nucleoid

30
Q

The circular DNA is packaged into a region of the cell
called the

A

Nucleoid

30
Q

Single, circular DNA molecule located in the nucleoid
region of cell

A

BACTERIAL CHROMOSOME

31
Q

possess multiple large linear chromosomes contained in the cell’s nucleus.

A

Eukaryotes

31
Q

Chromatin contains thrice of protein compared to DNA? true or false

A

False, it is twice and not thrice

31
Q

The complexes between eukaryotic DNA and proteins
(histone and non-histone proteins) are called

A

Chromatin

31
Q

is an enzyme necessary for the unwinding the coils to the right. In order for DNA to control the synthesis of proteins, and in order for DNA to reproduce. They cut the DNA, and at the end of the process connect it again

A

DNA gyrase (Topoisomerase II)

31
Q

This is lso occur in mitochondria,which are present in almost all eukaryotic cells, and in chloroplasts, which are present in plants and someunicellular eukaryotes

A

Circular DNA molecules

31
Q

There are 5 major types of histones

A

H1, H2A, H2B, H3 and H4

31
Q

Condensation: there is a progressive
decrease in their length accompanied with an increase
in thickness

A

Prophase

31
Q

sister chromatids are replicated, thinnest

A

Interphase

31
Q

it is tightly bound to small basic proteins (histones) that package the DNA in an orderly way in the cell nucleus.

A

DNA of eukaryotic cell

31
Q

The major proteins of chromatin are the

A

Histones

32
Q

chromosomes are smallest.

A

Anaphase

32
Q

Chromosomes are the most easily
observed and studied during metaphase when they are
very thick, quite short and well spread in the cell.

A

Metaphase

32
Q

Therefore, chromosomes measurements are generally
taken during what phase?

A

mitotic metaphase.

32
Q

The major components of chromatin are?

A

DNA and Histone proteins

32
Q

Euchromatin or heterochromatin:

-consists of mostly inactive
DNA

A

HETEROCHROMATIN

32
Q

This is small proteins containing a high proportion of basic
amino acids (arginine and facilitate lysine) that binding
negatively charged DNA molecule.

A

Histones

32
Q

Euchromatin or heterochromatin:

  • consists of DNA that is
    active, e.g., being expressed
    as protein
A

EUCHROMATIN

32
Q

Euchromatin or heterochromatin:

  • Actively present in
    eukaryotic genome
A

HETEROCHROMATIN

33
Q

Euchromatin or heterochromatin:

  • Condensed chromatin
    structure
A

HETEROCHROMATIN

33
Q

Euchromatin or heterochromatin:

  • Genetically active
A

EUCHROMATIN

33
Q

Euchromatin or heterochromatin:

  • Loos chromatin structure
A

EUCHROMATIN

33
Q

Euchromatin or heterochromatin:

  • Actively present in
    prokaryotic and eukaryotic
    genome
A

EUCHROMATIN

34
Q

Euchromatin or heterochromatin:

  • Genetically inactive
A

HETEROCHROMATIN

35
Q

Euchromatin or heterochromatin:

  • Present at inner side of the
    nucleus
A

EUCHROMATIN

36
Q

Euchromatin or heterochromatin:

  • Stained dark
A

HETEROCHROMATIN

36
Q

Euchromatin or heterochromatin:

  • Present at nuclear periphery
A

HETEROCHROMATIN

37
Q

Euchromatin or heterochromatin:

  • Stained slighter
A

EUCHROMATIN

37
Q

Euchromatin or heterochromatin:

  • Usually sticky
A

HETEROCHROMATIN

38
Q

Euchromatin or heterochromatin:

  • Early replicative
A

EUCHROMATIN

39
Q

Euchromatin or heterochromatin:

  • Late replicative
A

HETEROCHROMATIN

39
Q

Euchromatin or heterochromatin:

  • Aren’t sticky
A

EUCHROMATIN

40
Q

Euchromatin or heterochromatin:

  • Allow gene to form a protein
A

EUCHROMATIN

40
Q

Euchromatin or heterochromatin:

  • Regulates genetic integrity,
    and control gene expression
A

HETEROCHROMATIN

41
Q

Euchromatin or heterochromatin:

  • Low genetic density
A

EUCHROMATIN

41
Q

Euchromatin or heterochromatin:

  • High genetic density
A

HETEROCHROMATIN

41
Q

Euchromatin or heterochromatin:

  • Consists of 2-3% part of the
    genome
A

EUCHROMATIN

41
Q
A
42
Q

Euchromatin or heterochromatin:

  • Consists of 97-98% part of
    the genome
A

HETEROCHROMATIN

42
Q
A
43
Q
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43
Q
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43
Q
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43
Q
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43
Q
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43
Q
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MOLBIO (3 decks)

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