MOLECULAR BASIS OF GENETICS- (1) Flashcards

1
Q

It is the science devoted to the study of the underlying basis of heredity and
variation.

A

Genetics

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2
Q

DNA

A

Macromolecules that contain genes which encodes the amino acid sequence of proteins.

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3
Q

Unit of heredity

A

Genes

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4
Q

This dogma serves as the pillar of molecular biology and is represented by three major stages.

A

Central Dogma

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5
Q

Three Major Stages in Central Dogma

A

DNA Replication
Transcription
Translation

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6
Q

Also called as DNA synthesis

A

DNA REPLICATION

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7
Q

DNA Replication occurs at the

A

Nucleus for Eukaryotes

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8
Q

The replication of the DNA produces two identical molecules, which ensures that the genetic information is transmitted to daughter cells faithfully

A

DNA replication

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9
Q

The genetic information in the DNA is copied into mRNA. The sequence of the mRNA bases is the same as that of the DNA

A

Transcription

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10
Q

The genetic code in the mRNA directs the sequence of amino acids in the protein.

A

Translation

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11
Q

is a 5-carbon sugar that forms a ring

A

Ribose

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12
Q

The sugar found in DNA has no oxygen at

A

C2- carbon 2

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13
Q

heterocyclic bases or also called

A

nitrogenous bases

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14
Q

Two fused rings
Adenine and Guanine

A

Purine

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15
Q

6-sided single rings
Thymine and Cytosine

A

Pyrimidine

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16
Q

A nucleotide

A

Phosphate, Sugar and Base

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17
Q

formed when one of the bases is bonded to a sugar molecule.

A

Nucleoside

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18
Q

The single unit of nucleic acids is a

A

Nucleotide

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19
Q

When adenosine in DNA combines with one phosphate, it is called

A

deoxy-adenosine monophosphate (AMP)

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20
Q

The 5’-end is also called the

A

PO4 end

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21
Q

3’-end is also called the

A

OH-end

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22
Q

is a relatively short single-stranded nucleic acid chain.

A

oligonucleotide

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23
Q

a single-stranded polymer of several nucleotide units

A

polynucleotide

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24
Q

How many hydrogen bonds formed?
In A-T and A-U

A

2 hydrogen bonds

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25
Q

How many hydrogen bonds formed?
In G-C

A

3 hydrogen bonds

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26
Q

The complementary strands are oriented at opposite directions, described as

A

Anti-parallelism

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27
Q

Double Helix

A

Helicase
SSBP
DNA gyrase
Primase
DNA polymerase
DNA ligase

28
Q

This region where DNA replication takes place is called the

A

replication fork

29
Q

The 5’–3’ strand that proceeds to the direction of the replication fork is
called the

A

Leading strand

30
Q

direction in a discontinuous manner, forming the

A

Lagging strand

31
Q

The short DNA fragments added to the primase are called the

A

Okazaki fragments.

32
Q

unbranched chain of nucleotides as in DNA

A

RNA

33
Q

process of copying of a DNA template in the form of RNA

A

Transcription

34
Q

Transcription required:

A

Enzyme RNA polymerase, Template, Nucleotide Triphosphate, and Magnesium Ion

35
Q

core enzyme and a sigma (σ) subunit; together, these components are referred to as

A

Holoenzyme

36
Q

The σ subunit is involved in initiating transcription at the beginning of a gene. It binds to a specific DNA region called a

A

Promoter

37
Q

Promoters have similar sequences, which are collectively called

A

consensus sequences

38
Q

The bases to the left (negative numbers) of the transcription start site are said to

A

Upstream

39
Q

the bases to the right (positive numbers) are said to be

A

downstream

40
Q

The strand that codes for the sequence of the gene is called the

A

sense or coding strand

41
Q

the opposite complementary strand is called

A

anti-sense or non-coding strand

42
Q

The template used for RNA synthesis is the

A

Anti-sense strand

43
Q

Transcription steps:

A

Initiation
Elongation
Termination

44
Q

when the termination sequence is reached, a __________ is formed

A

hairpin loop

45
Q

carries genetic code or message from the DNA

A

Messenger RNA (mRNA)

46
Q

a part of the ribosomes, which are the sites for protein
synthesis

A

Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

47
Q

carries amino acids to the ribosomes during translation

A

Transfer RNA (tRNA)

48
Q

A set of rules that transmits the message from a gene by
specifying the amino acids in proteins

A

The Genetic Code

49
Q

there _____ possible combinations that form the genetic code and each triplet is called a __________.

A

64, codon.

50
Q

Stop Codon

A

UAG, UGA, UAA

51
Q

Start Codon

A

AUG

52
Q

also known as protein synthesis, is the process by which the nucleotide
base sequence in an mRNA molecule directs what amino acids will be incorporated in the protein.

A

TRANSLATION

53
Q

Any change in the base sequence of DNA that make up the genes

A

Mutation

54
Q

Any agent that can alter the structure or sequence of the DNA

A

Mutagen

55
Q

It causes formation of pyrimidine dimers (thymine-thymine) in the DNA by forming a covalent cyclobutane ring between two adjacent pyrimidines

A

Ultraviolet light (UVL) (non-ionizing radiation)

56
Q

such as x-rays and gamma rays

A

Ionizing radiation

57
Q

substitution of purine to purine or pyrimidine to pyrimidine;

A

Transition

58
Q

A substitution of purine to pyrimidine or pyrimidine to purine

A

Transversion

59
Q

causes replacement of 1 amino acid residue.

A

Missense Mutation

60
Q

Produced if base substitution creates a stop codon, thereby terminating protein synthesis prematurely.

A

Non-sense mutation

61
Q

Results when a base substitution produces a different triplet
but which codes for the same amino acid as the original triplet (redundancy
of the genetic code). The change usually occurs at the 3rd base.

A

Silence mutation

62
Q

___________ is the acquisition of one or more nucleotides while _________ is the
loss of one or more nucleotides, both of which cause a shift in the reading frame

A

Insertion, deletion

63
Q

It uses the enzyme photolyase, which is active only in the presence of visible light

A

Photoreactivation or Light Repair

64
Q

This involves enzymes that remove the altered DNA, usually including the nucleotides on either side of the mutation.

A

Excision or Dark Repair

65
Q

Cute ko

A

shevs kaya mo yan