Molecular Basis of Cancer

Question 1

Cancer?

Answer 1

is a complex disease caused by unregulated
cell growth, invasion and spread of cells from the site
of origin (primary site) to other sites in the body .

Question 2

Neoplasms or tumor?

Answer 2

gradual increase in the number of dividing cells creating a growing mass of tissue called a tumor or neoplasm

Question 3

Metastasis

Answer 3

cancer cells penetrate into lymphatic system and blood vessels

Question 4

Hyperplastic growth?

Answer 4

Abnormal increase in the number of cells, which are in a normal component of that tissue and are arranged in a normal fashion with subsequent enlargement of the affected part

Question 5

Dysplasia?

Answer 5

refers to the replacement of one mature cell type with a less mature cell type

Question 6

Metaplasia?

Answer 6

the replacement of one mature cell type with another mature cell type that is not ordinarily found in this location within a tissue.

Question 7

Carcinoma?

Answer 7

Cancer of skin /tissue that covers up the internal organ

Question 8

Sarcoma?

Answer 8

Cancer of bone, cartilage, blood vessels. muscles or other connective tissue

Question 9

Leukemia?

Answer 9

Cancer of blood forming tissue like bone marrow that yields abnormal number of blood cells

Question 10

Squamous carcinoma?

Answer 10

Tumors that arise from epithelial cells forming protective cell layers for the underlying Cell populations (no secretion)

Question 11

Adeno-carcinoma?

Answer 11

specialized cells that secretes substances into the ducts or cavities that they line.

Question 12

The original six Hallmarks of Cancer capabilities:

Answer 12

1. Sustaining proliferative signaling (constant growth signals).
2. Evading growth suppressors (ignoring growth limits).
3. Resisting cell death (avoiding self-destruction).
4. Enabling replicative immortality (unlimited cell divisions).
5. Inducing angiogenesis (forming new blood vessels).
6. Activating invasion and metastasis (spreading to new areas

Question 13

The Emerging Hall marks :

Answer 13

7-Reprogramming of energy metabolism.
8- Evading immune destruction.

Question 14

The enabling characteristics

Answer 14

1- Tumor promoting inflammation

2- Genome instability and mutation

Question 15

1- Sustaining proliferative signaling

Answer 15

1- Increasing growth factor ligands production leading to autocrine proliferative stimulation.

Question 16

Translocations

Answer 16

fusion of a region from one chromosome with a region from a second, unrelated chromosome.

Question 17

Glioblastoma

Answer 17

is a type of astrocytoma, a cancer that forms from star-shaped cells in the brain called astrocytes. In adults, this cancer usually starts in the cerebrum, the largest part of your brain.