molecular and ceulluar content for life

Question 1

what is phylogeny?

Answer 1

the evolutionary development and diversification of a species or group of organisms, or of a particular feature of an organism

Question 2

what is life?

Answer 2

life is the harnessing of chemical energy, in such a way that the energy harnessing device makes a copy of itself

Question 3

what are the most important biological elements?

Answer 3

H, C, N, O, P, S: main elements involving organic molecules.
Si important for plants
H, Na, Mg, K, Ca, Cl- key ions in cellular fluids transition elements-form enzymes.

Question 4

why is life carbon based?

Answer 4

carbon goes both ways on the periodic table, can form polar and nonpolar covalent bond. 4 electrons in outershell, so can form 4 bonds as single or combo. can forms rings, spheres and tubes.

Question 5

what is aliphatic?

Answer 5

long branches cyclic chains

Question 6

what is aromatic?

Answer 6

benzene ring, form rings.

Question 7

what are the different organic compounds?

Answer 7

sugar, carbonhydrates, fatty acids, lipids, amino acids, proteins, organic bases, nucleic acids.

Question 8

what are carbohydrates?

Answer 8

hydrates of carbon. mono, di and poly. attached hydroxyl groups. soluble in water. energy storage, structure formation.

Question 9

what are lipids?

Answer 9

storing energy, forming cell membrane, signalling. hydrophobic or amphiphilic. form barriers for ions.

Question 10

why is the cell wall important?

Answer 10

gives structure, less permeable, moderates properties, stabilises and raises melting point, controllled by environment.

Question 11

what are amino acids?

Answer 11

building blocks of proteins. alpha carbon and carboxyl group. side chain governs properties. 70 amino acids, onyl 21 proteins.

Question 12

what does LCA stand for

Answer 12

last universal common ancestor

Question 13

what are peptide bonds?

Answer 13

dehydration process. water, condensation. forms polypeptides and animo acids. acts as enxymes, act as channel through membrane.

Question 14

what is the hierarchy of proteins?

Answer 14

primary (sequence of amino acids), secondary (alpha helix and beta-sheet, hydrogen bonds), tertiary (polypeptide chains) and quaternary (linked groups of different polypeptide chains)

Question 15

what is keratin?

Answer 15

spiral coil, show coiling, hair pair of coiled coils, protofilament 4 right hand twists. disulphide bonds and hydrogen bonds.

Question 16

what is CRYO EM?

Answer 16

cryo-electron microscopy, look t molecule in the original state and can track protein conformational change. can be designed to target drugs.

Question 17

what is C ray crystallography?

Answer 17

need to crystallise molecules, therefore not in original shape and cannot track proteins.

Question 18

what is energy?

Answer 18

lipid bilayer can foster energy. water flows through. ATP: universal currency of energy in all life.

Question 19

how much ATP do we use every day?

Answer 19

40 Kg

Question 20

what is ATP?

Answer 20

energy. nucleotide on a sugar with a phosphate group.atop goes to ADP to yiled energy.

Question 21

what do phosphates have?

Answer 21

the importance of being ionised
linking groups of nuclei acids
phosphates relatively stable

Question 22

what is replication?

Answer 22

RNA and DNA have 5 different nitrogenous bases. 3 in common, and uracil and thymine. DNA replication, transcription, translation, into a protein. ribosomes involved.

Question 23

what is special about mitochrondria?

Answer 23

have their own DNA, have double membrnane.