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APES > Modules 6-17 Test > Flashcards

Modules 6-17 Test Flashcards

1
Q

What are some common impacts of humans on ecosystems?

A

Converting land from its natural state to urban , suburban, and agricultural areas.
Changing the chemistry of the air, water, and soil both intentionally - by adding fertilizers - and unintentionally - human activities that generate pollution. Deforestation.

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2
Q

percentage of incoming sunlight reflected from a surface - the higher ________ of a surface, the more solar energy it reflects and less it absorbs.

A

albedo

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3
Q

Which would have more albedo - NYC or the North Pole?

A

North Pole

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4
Q

What is the equation for photosynthesis?

A

H2O+CO2+Sunlight (Energy) = O2 + C6H12O6

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5
Q

the process by which producers use solar energy to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose

A

photosynthesis

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6
Q

What are the 3 names for the cycle that turns carbon dioxide into sugar?

A

Calvin Cycle, Krebs Cycle, Dark Cycle

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7
Q

GPP and NPP

A

gross and net primary productivity

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8
Q

the total amount of solar energy that producers in an ecosystem capture via photosynthesis over a given amount of time.

A

GPP

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9
Q

What percent of sunlight actually goes to GPP?

A

1% of the original 100%

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10
Q

What percent of sunlight actually goes to NPP?

A

1% of the original 100%, and 40% of that 1%

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11
Q

What is the equation for NPP?

A

GPP-respiration

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12
Q

the energy captured by producers in an ecosystem minus the producers respire

A

NPP

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13
Q

term for low oxygen

A

hypoxic

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14
Q

zone of open water in lakes and ponds, middle zone

A

limnetic

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15
Q

describes a lake with a low level of productivity

A

oligotrophic

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16
Q

describes a lake with a moderate level of productivity

A

mesotrophic

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17
Q

describes a lake with a high level of productivity

A

eutrophic

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18
Q

the movement of N around the biosphere

A

Nitrogen Cycle

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19
Q

the conversion of Ammonia (NH4+) into Nitrite (NO2 -) and then into Nitrate (No3-).

A

Nitrification

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20
Q

the conversion of nitrate into a series of steps into the gases nitrous oxide (N2O) and eventually N gas (N2) which is emitted into the atmosphere.

A

Denitrification

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21
Q

the process by which producers incorporate elements into their tissues.

A

Assimilation

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22
Q

the nitrogen that converts nitrogen gas in the atmosphere (N2), into forms of N that producers can use

A

Nitrogen fixation

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23
Q

the process by which fungal and bacterial decomposers break down the organic matter found in dead bodies and waste products and convert it into organic compounds

A

Mineralization

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24
Q

Which cycle has no gas phase?

A

Phosphorpous

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25
Q

what is resilience

A

the rate at which an ecosystem returns to its original capacity after a disturbance

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26
Q

what is resistance

A

a measure of how much a disturbance can affect flows of energy and matter in an ecosystem

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27
Q

properties that determine how air circulates:

A

1st property: density
2nd property: temperature
3rd property: pressure
4th property: water vapor

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28
Q

3 reasons why the amount of solar energy varies:

A

1st reason - the angle the sun’s rays strike the earth
2nd reason - variation in the amount of surface area which the sun’s rays are distributed
3rd reason - some areas of earth reflect more solar energy than others

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29
Q

Earth’s ______ Causes Seasonal Changes

A

Tilt

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30
Q

the cooling effect of reduced pressure on air as it rises higher in the atmosphere and expands

A

Adiabatic cooling

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31
Q

the heating effect of increased pressure on air as it sinks toward the surface of the earth and decreases in volume.

A

Adiabatic heating

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32
Q

the release of energy when water vapor in the atmosphere condenses into liquid water.

A

latent heat release

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33
Q

Describe a rain shadow in detail.

A

a region with dry conditions found on the leeward side of a mountain range as a result of humid winds from the ocean causing precipitation on the windward side. So basically, one side is rained on, and the other side is completely dry. Cold air does not hold moisture.
Adiabatic cooling, latent heat release

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34
Q

the deflection of an object’s path due to the rotation of the earth. This is why winds do not flow directly North to South

A

Coriolis Effect

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35
Q

The Coriolis Effect helps us to understand ______________________________________.

A

prevailing wind directions in the polar regions

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36
Q

the upward movement of ocean water toward the surface as a result of diverging currents. The deep waters bring nutrients from the bottom of the ocean that support large populations of producers.

A

upwelling

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37
Q

a large-scale pattern of water circulation that moves clockwise in the Northern Hemisphere and counterclockwise in the Southern Hemisphere.

A

gyre

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38
Q

Gyres…

A

affect the temperature of coastal areas, redistribute heat in the ocean, and are a result of the Coriolis Effect.

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39
Q

a reversal of wind and water currents in the South Pacific

A

El nino - southern oscillation

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40
Q

When does El Nino usually happen, and how often?

A

Around Christmas, every 3-7 years

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41
Q

an oceanic circulation pattern that drives the mixing of surface water and deep water.

A

thermohaline circulation

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42
Q

What phenomenon could potentially disrupt thermohaline circulation?

A

global warming

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43
Q

the upper layer of ocean water in the ocean that receives enough sunlight for photosynthesis.

A

photic zone

44
Q
  • a region of water where sunlight does not reach, below the limnetic zone is very deep lakes.
A

profundal zone

45
Q

muddy bottom of a lake, ocean, or pond

A

benthic zone

46
Q

the deeper layer of ocean water that lacks sufficient sunlight for photosynthesis.

A

aphotic zone

47
Q

the part of the year during which rainfall and temperature allow plants to grow.

A

growing season

48
Q

a geographic region categorized by a particular combination of average annual temperature, annual precipitation, and distinctive plant growth forms on land.

A

terrestrial biomes

49
Q

How many terrestrial biomes are there?

A

9

50
Q

What are the 9 terrestrial biomes?

A

Tundra, Boreal Forest, Temperate Rain forest, Temperate Seasonal Forest, Woodland/Shrubland, Temperate Grassland/Cold Desert, Tropical Rain forest, Tropical seasonal/savanna, Subtropical desert

51
Q

a cold and treeless biome with low-growing vegetation; permafrost

A

tundra

52
Q

cold winters and short growing seasons.

A

boreal forest

53
Q

logged heavily soil decomposition is slow due to cold temps

A

temperate rainforest

54
Q

a biome with warm summers and cold winters with over 1m (39in) of precipitation annually

A

temperate seasonal forest

55
Q

The hot dry summers for the natural occurrence of wildfires, plants are well adapted to both fire and drought

A

woodland/shrubland

56
Q

a biome characterized by cold, harsh winters, and hot, dry summers.

A

temperate grassland/cold desert

57
Q

a warm and wet biome found between 20° N and 20° S of the equator, with little seasonal temperature variation and high precipitation. AVERAGE ANNUAL TEMPS EXCEED 68 DEGREES.

A

tropical rainforest

58
Q

a biome marked by warm temperatures and distinct wet and dry seasons.

A

tropical seasonal forest/savanna

59
Q

biome prevailing at approximately 30 N and 30 S, with hot temperatures, extremely dry conditions, and sparse vegetation

A

subtropical desert

60
Q

a physical location on the chromosomes within each cell of an organism, DNA CODES FOR TRAITS

A

genes

61
Q

Humans have long influenced evolution by breeding plants and animals for desirable traits.When humans determine which individuals to breed, typically with preconceived set of traits in mind we call this process evolution by …

A

artificial selection

62
Q

a random change in the genetic code produced by a mistake in the copying process

A

mutation

63
Q

a reduction in the genetic diversity of a population caused by a reduction in its size

A

bottleneck effect

64
Q

a change in the genetic composition of a population as a result of descending from a small number of colonizing individuals

A

founder effect

65
Q

the evolution of one species into two, without geographic isolation

A

sympatric speciation

66
Q

the number of species in a given area

A

species richness

67
Q

the relative proportion of individuals within the different species in a given area

A

species evenness

68
Q

the range of abiotic and biotic conditions under which a species actually lives.

A

realized niche

69
Q

living

A

biotic

70
Q

nonliving

A

abiotic

71
Q

a physical law which states that energy can neither be created nor destroyed but can change from one form to another

A

first law of thermodynamics

72
Q

the physical law stating that when energy is transformed, the quality of energy remains the same, but its ability to do work diminishes

A

second law of thermodynamics

73
Q

In evolution through _______ ___________, the environment determines which individuals survive and reproduce

A

natural selection

74
Q

Members of a population naturally vary in their traits, and certain combinations of those traits make individuals better able to _________ and __________.

A

survive, reproduce

75
Q

an individual’s ability to survive and reproduce

A

fitness

76
Q

the successive levels of organisms consuming one another

A

trophic level

77
Q

a convection current in the atmosphere that cycles between the equator and 30° N and 30° S

A

Hadley cells

78
Q

a convection current in the atmosphere that lies between Hadley cells and polar cells

A

Ferrell cells

79
Q

a convection current in the atmosphere, formed by air that rises at 60°N and 60°S and sinks at the poles 90°N and 90°S

A

Polar cells

80
Q

an objective method to explore the natural world, draw inferences from it, and predict the outcome of certain events, processes or changes.

A

Scientific Method

81
Q

What are the steps of the Scientific Method?

A
  1. Observation
  2. Hypothesis
  3. Experiment
  4. Analyze
  5. Test Results
82
Q

any Chemical reaction in which NH2 Groups are converted into ammonia or its ionic form ammonium (NH4+) as an end product.

A

ammonification

83
Q

Which step in the nitrogen cycle happens in order 1-4:

A

nitrogen fixation
nitrification
ammonification
also assimilation/mineralization
denitrification

84
Q

What is thermohaline circulation driven by?

A

salinity

85
Q

lowest level of water where sunlight does not reach

A

profundal zone

86
Q

chemeostasis happens here

A

aphotic zone

87
Q

Human involvement

A

artificial selection

88
Q

True or False: All mutations are lethal

A

False; random mutations are not lethal.

89
Q

caused by inbreeding

A

bottleneck effect

90
Q

no humans, survival of the fittest

A

natural selection

91
Q

no new genes

A

recombination

92
Q

means the most fit will survive

A

fittest

93
Q

90 degrees N and 90 degrees S

A

polar cells

94
Q

the maximum amount of water vapor in the air at a given temperature.

A

saturation point

95
Q

If a primary consumer eats a producer, what are the inputs and outputs of the primary consumer?

A

Sun, H20, Producer produce food and CO2 + C6H12O6; Those input into primary consumers

96
Q

A tornado comes through and wipes out all the trees in an area. The forest takes 45 years to bounce back:

A

low resistance, low resiliance

97
Q

Place that receives the most direct sunlight

A

ITCZ (intertropical convergence zone)

98
Q

2 things that determine a growing season AND limiting factors in biomes:

A

precipitation and temperature

99
Q

While collecting data firm a lake researchers find that the lake is hypoxic in places and has a shallow limnetic zone based on this information the lake in likely:

A

Oligotrophic

100
Q

the proportion of consumed energy that can be passed from one trophic level to another.

A

ecological efficiency

101
Q

What are the factors that cause the unequal heating of the earth?

A

TILT

102
Q

evolution below the species level

A

microevolution

103
Q

evolution above the species level

A

macroevolution

104
Q

difference between genotype and phenotype:

A

geno - genetic coding (genetic reasoning behind brown hair, green eyes)
pheno - expressed type (appearance, brown hair, green eyes)

105
Q

What factors come to play in range of tolerance?

A

Habitats, rainfall, humidity, salinity, ph level

APES (10 decks)

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