Modules 24-28 Test Flashcards
What is the order of the Earth’s structure, from innermost to outermost?
core, mantle, asthenosphere, lithosphere
Which does NOT provide evidence for the theory of plate tectonics?
A) plumes of magma from the mantle that reach the crust
B) similar rock formations on both sides of the Atlantic Ocean
C) discovery of similar fossils in Nigeria and Brazil
D) mountain ranges along the northern boundaries of India
A) plumes of magma from the mantle that reach the crust
An earthquake occurs as a direct result of
potential energy release along a fault
The dominant type of rock in the Hawaiian islands is most likely
basaltic
The rocks represented by i, ii, and iii are
granite, marble, limestone
Which is true?
i physical weathering of rocks can increase rates of chemical weathering
ii. high rates of physical weathering can lead to higher primary production
iii. weathering by acid precipitation occurs faster than physical weathering
a i only
b ii only
c i and ii
d i and iii
c i and ii
What creates mountain ranges like the Himalayas?
convergent continental plates
The _____soil horizon is the most diagnostic feature of forests, whereas the _____soil horizon is the most diagnostic feature of agricultural lands?
O;A
O;E
E;A
B;A
O;A
A 6.2 earthquake is how many times greater than a magnitude 3.2 earthquake?
a 100
b 300
c 1,000
d 3,000
1000
Which best describes the differences between the cation exchange capacity (CEC) and base saturation of a soil?
A) CEC is the proportion of nutrients to clay particles; base saturation is the proportion of soil bases to soil acids.
B) CEC is the proportion of nutrients to clay particles; base saturation is the proportion of soil acids to bases.
C) CEC is the ability of a soil to retain beneficial nutrients for plant production; base saturation is the proportion of beneficial minerals to detrimental minerals in soil.
D) CEC is the ability of a oil to adsorb and release nutrients; base saturation is the proportion of soil bases to soil bases plus soil acids.
D) CEC is the ability of a oil to adsorb and release nutrients; base saturation is the proportion of soil bases to soil bases plus soil acids.
Several types of minerals are mined from locations around subducction zones. As subduction occurs, hot magma is pushed upward into the subsurface. The heat of magma causes groundwater to rise and cool. As te groundwater moves, it extracts minerals from the subsurface and deposits them near the surface in veins that flow in all directions. The most efficient way of mining for these minerals is
a open pit mining
b mountaintop removal
c subsurface mining
d strip mining
A) open pit mining
The surface mining control and reclamation act of 1977
a protects workers from the hazards of subsurface and surface mining.
b mandates that the land cannot be distrubed during the mining process
c requires that mined land be fully restored to its original condition
d regulates all mining practices that can impact the environment
B) mandates that the land cannot be disturbed during the mining process
A cone of depression in an unconfined aquifer can be caused by
I. excessive pumping of water from a well
II. low rainfall
III. saltwater intrusion
(A) I only
(B) II only
(C) I and II
(D) II and III
(A) I only
Which is NOT a likely consequence of severe drought?
(A) reduced rates of nutrient cycling
(B) severe erosion of soil during subsequent rains
(C) starvation
(D) slower recharge of confined aquifers
(D) slower recharge of confined aquifers
All of the following may be consequences of dam construction EXCEPT
(A) reduced upstream migration of fish
(B) less frequent and less severe inundation of downstream floodplains
(C) higher risk of levee failure downstream of the dam
(D) lower fertility of floodplains downstream
(C) higher risk of levee failure downstream of the dam
Desalination by reverse osmosis
(A) is less efficient than distillation
(B) produces a brine that is saltier than seawater
(C) has less effect on local wildlife that other methods of desalination
(D) is primarily a chemical process
(B) produces a brine that is saltier than seawater
which is not considered when determining a nation’s water footprint?
i the daily per capita use of fresh water
ii. the amount of water used to produce exported crops
iii. the daily per capita amount of preciptation
(A) I only
(B) II only
(C) I and II
(D) II and III
(D) II and III
Common methods of irrigation, in order from least efficient to most efficient, include
(A) flood, furrow, drip, spray, and hydroponic irrigation
(B) furrow, drip, spray, and flood irrigation
(C) furrow, spray, drip, and hydroponic irrigation
(D) hydroponic, flood, and drip irrigation
(C) furrow, spray, drip, and hydroponic irrigation
Which is NOT a likely consequence of the free-market system of water distribution?
(A) the free-market system will encourage more efficient use of water
(B) The free-market system will encourage illegal diversion of water resources
(C) The price of water for homeowners will go down.
(D) Farmers will begin planting crops that are more water efficient.
(C) The price of water for homeowners will go down.
What is one possible method to increase water use efficiency?
(A) discouraging free-market distribution of water.
(B) building new levees
(C) replacing furrow irrigation systems with drip irrigation systems
(D) monetarily subsidizing the water use of farmers
(C) replacing furrow irrigation systems with drip irrigation systems
What kind of rock would have been formed by the eruption of Mount Vesuvius?
(A) metamorphic
(B) intrusive igneous
(C) extrusive igneous
(D) sedimentary
(C) extrusive igneous
Which soil is most likely to have the greatest CEC? (refer to diagram in book)
(A) I
(B) II
(C) III
(D) IV
(D) IV
earth’s plates are in constant motion because
a) pressure from heat and gas in earth’s core pushes plate sideways
b) convection in earth’s mantle causes oceanic plates to spread
c the density of the lithosphere causes plates to sink
d hot spots create pressure that shifts plates
b convection in earth’s mantle causes oceanic plates to spread
which is associated with seafloor spreading?
a divergent plate boundaries
b convergent plate boundaries
c subduction zones
d hotspots
a divergent plate boundaries
measured on the richter scale, a earthquake with a magnitiude of 6.0 is how many times greater than an earthquake with a magnitude of 3.0
a 10
b 100
c 1000
d 10000
c 1000
volcanoes are likely to be found in area where tectonic plates are
a) diverging
b converging
c spreading
d moving sideways past each other
b converving
plate movement occurs in which part of earth’s crust?
a core
b upper mantle
c asthenosphere
d lithosphere
d lithosphere
worldwide, earthquakes typically occur
a every few years
b once a year
c several times each year
d many times each day
d many times each day
which does not contribute to the formation of sedimentary rock?
a weathering
b transporation
c compression
d melting
d melting
fossils are most likely to be found in
a igneous rock
b metamorphic rock
c sedimentary rock
d basalt
c sedimentary rock
acid precipitation can case
a physical weathering
b erosion
c sedimentation
d chemical weathering
d chemical weathering
which type of soil allows the most water to infilitrate
a sand
b silt
c humus
d loam
a sand
soil found in tropical rain forests is generally
a rich in organic material
b rich in quartz sand
c deep and porous
d nutrient poor
d nutrient poor
the soil layer most similar to the parent material is the
a o horizon
b a horizon
c b horizon
d c horizon
d c horizon
when rocks are subjected to extreme heat and pressure what type of rock is formed
a igneous
b metamorphic
c sedimentary
d granite
b metamorphic
which does not contribute to soil degradation
a machine
b livestock
c plowing
d composting
d composting
the surface mining control and reclamation at of 1977 regulates
a compesation for mine workers who are harmed by coal dust
b surface mining of coal and subsurface effects of surface mining
c how much water a mine can use
d the type of fill material that must be used when reclaiming a mine
b surface mining of coal and subsurface effects of surface mining
ice and glaciers represent what percentage of the freshwater on earth?
a 22 percent
b 0.5 percent
c 97 percent
d 77 percent
d 77 percent
confined aquifers
a are polluted more easily than unconfined aquifers
b are covered by impermeable rock
c are accessed only through pumping
d are covered by porous rock and soil
b are covered by impermeable rock
the ogalalla aquifer is
a the largest aquifer in the united states
b the largest aquifer in the world
c heavily polluted
d contaminated by saltwater intrusion
a the largest aquifer in the united states
water diversion has split which body of water and reduced the surface area by 60 percent
a lake victoria
b the caspian sea
c lake baikal
d the aral sea
d the Aral sea
which part of the world produces 50 percent of the world’s desalinated water
a north america
b middle east
c europe
d south america
b Middle East
what is the purpose of a fish ladder?
a they allow migrating fish to get around a dam
b they serve as a location for breeding
c they allow people to transport fish
d they prevent invasive species from entering a resorvior
(A) they allow migrating fish to get around a dam
over-pumping an aquifer can cause all of the following except
a saltwater intrusion
b cone of depression
c eutrophication
d dry wells
(C) eutrophication
desalinziation is
a used extensively across europe
b a problem with saltwater intrusion
c occuring at a rapid rate due to over irrigating farmland
d helping water-poor countries to obtain fresh water
(D) helping water-poor countries to obtain fresh water
which type of irrigation is over 95 percent efficient
a spray irrigation
b flood irrigation
c furrow irrigation
d drip irrigation
(D) drip irrigation
which processes are involved in the formation of sedimentary rock
a cooling and crystallization
b uplift and heat
c heat and pressure
d erosion, transport, and compression
(D) erosion, transport, and compression
Which layer of the earth is composed primarily of iron and nickel?
core
When does subduction occur?
when one plate passes under another
Where were the Hawaiian islands formed?
at a hot spot
how far will a plate travel in 60000 years if it moves at net rate of 25 mm/year
1500 m
Which rock is formed at high temperatures and pressures
metamorphic
an earthquake of magnitude 7.0 on the Richter scale is how much greater than an earthquake of magnitude 5.0
100
what are the five primary soil formation factors
climate, parent material, topography, organisms, time
Order of layers
O, A, E, B, C, R
What is O horizon
organic matter; forests, breaks down into humus
What is A horizon
topsoil, agriculture, nutrient dense
What is E horizon
leaching layer, bad soil, no nutrients, actual gray soil
What is B horizon?
zone of accumulation, catches minerals from E, nutrient dense
What is C horizon?
parent material, new soil being formed
What is R horizon?
bedrock, just rock
As Earth slowly cooled…
a) light elements sank to the core and heavier elements moved to the surface
b) light elements mixed with heavier elements and sank to the core
c) light elements mixed with heavier elements and moved to the surface
d) light elements moved to the surface and heavier elements sank to the core
light elements moved to the surface and heavier elements sank to the core
The correct vertical zonation of Earth above the core is
a) asthenosphere-mantle-soil-lithosphere
b) asthenosphere-lithosphere-mantle-soil
c) mantle-asthenosphere-lithosphere-soil
d) mantle-lithosphere-soil-asthenosphere
c) mantle - asthenosphere -lithosphere - soil
Evidence for the theory of plate tectonics include
I. deposits of copper ore around the globe
II. identical rock formations on both sides of the Atlantic
III. fossils of the same species on distant continents
(a) I and III
(b) II and III
(c) I and II
(d) I, II, and III
b) II and III
Which type of mining is usually most directly harmful to miners?
(a) mountaintop removal
(b) open-pit mining
(c) placer mining
(d) subsurface mining
(d) subsurface mining
Measured on the Richter scale, an earthquake with a magnitude of 7.0 is ______ times greater than an earthquake with a magnitude of 2.0.
a) 10
100,000
At which type of boundary do tectonic plates move sideways past each another?
a) Seismic activity center
b) Divergent plate boundary
c) Convergent plate boundary
d) Transform fault boundary
e) Epicenter
(d) Transform fault boundary
At which type of boundary does seafloor spreading occur?
divergent plate boundary
Which term refers to the point on Earth’s surface directly above an earthquake?
epicenter
Fossils are found
sedimentary rock
Which statement about soil is NOT correct?
(a) Soil is fairly static and does not change
(b) Soil is the medium for plant growth
(c) Soil is a primary filter of water
(d) A wide variety of organisms live in soil
soil is fairly static and does not change
The soil horizon commonly known as subsoil is the
(a) A
(b) O
(c) B
(d) C
(c) B
Which statement about earthquake is NOT true?
(a) an earthquake of magnitude 8.0 on Richter scale occurs about once every year
(b) Earthquake occur when rocks of the asthenosphere rupture along a fault.
(c) Ring of Fire describes a geological circle on earth where earthquakes are likely to occur
(d) An earthquake of magnitude 4 on Richter scale is 100 times greater than one with magnitude 2.
(b) earthquakes occur when rocks of the asthenosphere rupture along a fault
Which contributes to the physical weathering of rocks?
(a) acid rain
(b) burial in sediment
(c) volcanic activity
(d) growth of plant roots
(d) growth of plant roots
what rock is formed by high temps and pressures like continental collsion
metamorphic
which mining is potentially most harmful to human health?
subsurface mining
New Zealand is a country with two main islands located on the boundary of two tectonic plates-the Australian and the Pacific-which are moving in different directions. They city of Christchurch, located on the South Island, is moving away from the city of Auckland, located on the North Island, at a rate of 40 mm per year. How many years will it take for Christchurch to be 500 km farther away from Auckland than it is today?
12.5 x 10^6 years
Which statement about oceanic plates is not correct?
Continental crust is subducted where oceanic and continental plate margins meet
A field containing soil that is 60 percent clay can hold a tremendous amount of nutrients but often has poor crop growth. What is the most likely explanation for this phenomenon?
Plant roots have difficulty penetrating a soil that is 60 percent clay
what percent of earth is freshwater
3
Which contrast between confined and unconfined aquifers is correct?
only confined aquifers can produce artesian wells
Which statement about surface waters is NOT correct?
levees are used to make reservoirs
which statement about dams is NOT correct
most dams are built to generate electricity
which statement about aqueducts is correct?
Aqueducts designed as open canals can lose a lot of water through evaporation
Which statement about desalination is correct?
Distillation requires more energy than reverse osmosis
Which list of household water uses is in the correct order, from highest to lowest?
toilet, bathing, laundry, cooking, drinking
Which statement about the industrial use of water is NOT correct?
its use is becoming less efficient
Which list of agricultural irrigation techniques is in the correct order, from least efficient to most efficient?
furrow, flood, spray, drip
Which is NOT a water conservation technique?
flood irrigation
drought conditions…
cause increased erosion
Saltwater intrusion is likely to occur when…
A cone of depression is created near a coastal ecosystem
The Dead Sea, which lies between Jordan and Israel, is one of the Saltiest lakes on Earth. Suppose you are a geologist exploring the area. What geological factors would you expect to see that might explain this salinity?
lack of outlets for water to escape and relatively impermeable soil at the bottom of the lake
Which is NOT an advantage of hydroponic agricultural operations compared to traditional farms and farming practices?
they are much less expensive to run
During an extreme drought, water use increases rapidly in a coastal city supported by a local aquifer. After several months, however, the water coming from that aquifer becomes undrinkable. Which is a likely explanation for the deterioration of the water?
saltwater intrusion
A dam is constructed to prevent seasonal flooding that typically occurs in an area. What might be expected to occur along the shorelines downstream of the dam?
species richness will decrease
Name THREE reasons for which a name may be built. Use and define terms in your answer.
A dam, which is a barrier that runs across a river or stream to control the flow of water, can be built for several reasons. One may be to control seasonal flooding.
