Modules 40-42, 47-54 Flashcards
1
Q
Personality
A
an individual’s characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting
2
Q
Psychodynamic Theories
A
view personality with a focus on the unconscious and the importance of childhood experiences
3
Q
Free Association
A
in psychoanalysis, a method of exploring the unconscious in which the person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind, no matter how trivial or embarrassing
4
Q
Psychoanalysis
A
Freud’s theory of personality that attributes thoughts and actions to unconscious motives and conflicts
5
Q
Unconscious
A
according to Freud, a reservoir of mostly unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memories => information processing of which we are not aware of
6
Q
Id
A
a reservoir of unconscious psychic energy that strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives
7
Q
Superego
A
the part of personality that represents internalized ideals and provides standards for judgement (the conscience) and for future aspirations
7
Q
Ego
A
the largely conscious, “executive” part of personality that mediates among the demands of the id, superego, and reality
8
Q
Pleasure Principle
A
demanding immediate gratification
8
Q
Psychosexual Stages
A
the childhood stages of development during which the id’s pleasure-seeking energies focus on distinct erogenous zones
9
Q
Reality Principle
A
satisfying the id’s desires in ways that will realistically bring pleasure rather than pain
9
Q
Erogenous Zones
A
sensitive areas of the body
10
Q
Oedipus Complex
A
a boy’s sexual desires toward his mother and feelings of jealousy and hatred for the rival father
11
Q
Fixation
A
a lingering focus of pleasure-seeking energies at an earlier psychosexual stage, in which conflicts were resolved
12
Q
Defense Mechanisms
A
in psychoanalytic theory, the ego’s protective methods of reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality
13
Q
Projective Test
A
a personality test that provides ambiguous stimuli designed to trigger projection of one’s inner dynamics
14
Q
Identification
A
the process by which children incorporate their parents’ values into their developing superegos
14
Q
Rorschach Inkblot Test
A
the most widely used projective test, a set of 10 inkblots, that seeks to identify people’s inner feelings by analyzing their interpretations of the blots
15
Q
Id
A
- strives to fulfill basic sexual and aggressive urges
- pleasure principle
- unconscious
16
Q
Ego
A
- mediates demands of the id and superego
- reality principle
- partly conscious
17
Q
Repression
A
the basic defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories
17
Q
Superego
A
-internalized ideas and provides standards for judgement
-moral principle
partly conscious
18
Q
Collective Unconscious
A
the concept of a shared, inherited reservoir of memory traces from our species’ history
19
Q
Carl Jung
A
- collective unconscious
- archetypes
- strive for joy and harmony
20
Alfred Adler
- inferiority complex/superiority complex
- birth order
- motivation and social needs
21
False Consensus Effect
the tendency to overestimate the extent to which others share our beliefs and behaviors
21
Karen Horney
-criticized Freud's view of women
-basic anxiety
desire for love and security
22
Terror-Management Theory
a theory of death-related anxiety; explores people's emotional and behavioral responses to reminders of their impending death
22
Sigmund Freud
- believed that we are anxious about our unacceptable wishes and impulses, and we repress this anxiety with the help of the strategies below
- psychoanalysis
- psychosexual stages
23
Humanistic Theories
view personality with a focus on the potential for healthy personal growth
24
Self-Actualization
one of the ultimate psychological needs that arises after basic physical and psychological needs are met and self-esteem is achieved; the motivation to fulfill one's potential
25
Unconditional Positive Regard
an attitude of total acceptance toward another person
26
Self-Concept
all our thoughts and feelings about ourselves, in answer to the question, "Who am I?"; our sense of nature and identity
27
Trait
a characteristic pattern of behavior or a disposition to feel and act, as assessed by self-report inventories and peer reports
28
Trait
an enduring quality that makes a person tend to act a certain way
29
Factor Analysis
identifying factors that tend to cluster together
30
Personality Inventory
a questionnaire on which people respond to items designed to guage a wide range of feelings and behaviors; used to assess selected personality traits; often with true/false or agree/disagree items
31
Empirically Derived Test
a test developed by testing a pool of items and then selecting those that discriminate between groups
31
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)
the most widely researches and clinically used of all personality tests; originally developed to identify emotional disorders
32
Social-Cognitive Perspective
views behavior as influenced by the interaction between people's traits and their social context
33
Reciprocal Determinism
the interacting influences behavior, internal cognition, and environment
34
Reciprocal
a back and forth influence, with no primary cause
35
Personal Control
the extent to which we perceive control over our environment
35
Locus of Control
our perception of where the seat of power over our lives is located
36
External Locus of Control
the perception that chance or outside forces beyond our personal control determine our fate
37
Internal Locus of Control
the perception that you can control your own fate
38
Self-Control
the ability to control impulses and delay gratification for greater long-term rewards
39
Learned Helplessness
the hopelessness and passive resignation an animal or human learns when unable to avoid repeated aversive events
40
Self
in contemporary psychology, assumed to be the center of personality, the organizer of our thoughts, feelings, and actions
41
Spotlight Effect
overestimating others' noticing and evaluating our appearance, performance, and blunders
42
Self-Esteem
one's feeling of high or low self-worth
43
Self-Serving Bias
a readiness to perceive oneself favorably
44
Narcissism
excessive self-love and self-absorption
45
Trait Theory of Personality
that we are made up of a collection of traits, behavioral predispositions that can be identified and measured, traits that differ from person to person
46
Personality Inventory
questionnaire assessing many personality traits bu asking which behaviors and responses the person would choose
47
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory
designed to identify people with personality difficulties
48
Empirically Derived Test
all test items have been selected because they predictably matched the qualities being assessed
48
Psychological Disorder
deviant, distressful, and dysfunctional patterns of thoughts, feelings, or behavior
49
Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
a psychological disorder marked by the appearance by age 7 of one or more of 3 key symptoms: extreme inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity
50
Medical Model
the concept that diseases, in this case psychological disorders, have physical causes that can be diagnosed, treated, and, in most cases, cured, often through treatment in a hospital
51
DSM-IV-TR
a widely used system from classifying psychological disorders
52
Disorder
a state of mental/behavioral ill health
53
Patterns
a collection of symptoms that tend to go together, and not just seeing a single symptom
54
Deviant
differing from the norm
55
Dysfunction
the impact of the psychological disorder on a person's ability to manage day-to-day tasks and relationships
56
Distress
the internal anguish that can lead to desperation and even to suicide
57
Culture-Bound Syndromes
disorders which only seem to exist within a certain cultures; they demonstrate how culture can play a role in both causing and defining a disorder
58
Obsessions
intense, unwanted worries, ideas and images that repeatedly pop up in the mind
59
Psychopathy
an illness of the mind
59
Compulsion
a repeatedly strong feeling of "needing" to carry out an action, even though it doesn't make sense
60
Mood Disorders
psychological disorders characterized by emotional extremes
61
Major Depressive Disorder
a mood disorder in which a person experiences, in the absence of drugs or another medical condition. 2 or more weeks of significantly depressed moods or diminished interest or pleasure in most activities, along with at least 4 other symptoms
62
Mania
a mood disorder marked by a hyperactive,wildly optimistic state
63
Bipolar Disorder
a mood disorder in which a person alternates between the hopelessness and lethargy of depression and the overexcited state of mania
64
Schizophrenia
a group of severe disorders characterized by disorganized and delusional thinking, disturbed perceptions, and inappropriate emotions and behaviors
65
Psychosis
a psychological disorder in which a person loses contact with reality, experiencing irrational ideas and distorted perceptions
66
Delusions
false beliefs, often of persecution or grandeur, that may accompany psychotic disorders
67
Positive Symptoms
the presence of inappropriate behavior
68
Negative Symptoms
the absence of appropriate behaviors
69
Flat Affect
facial/body expression is "flat" with no visible emotional content
70
Positive Symptoms
hallucinations (auditory), delusions (persecutory), disorganized thought and speech, bizarre behaviors
71
Negative Symptoms
flat affect, reduced social interaction, annedonia, avolition, alogia, catatonia
72
Catatonia
moving less
73
Dissociative Disorders
disorders in which conscious awareness becomes separated from previous memories thoughts and feelings
74
Dissociative Identity Disorder
a rare dissociative disorder in which a person exhibits two or more distinct and alternating personalities
75
Annedonia
no feeling of engagement
75
Personality Disorders
psychological disorders characterized by inflexible and enduring behavior patterns that impair social functioning
76
Avolition
less motivation, initiative, focus on tasks
76
Antisocial Personality Disorder
a personality disorder in which a person (usually a man) exhibits a lack of conscience for wrongdoing, even toward friends and family members
77
Alogia
speaking less
77
Anorexia Nervosa
an eating disorder in which a person (usually an adolescent female) maintains a starvation diet despite being significantly (15% or more) underweight
78
Bulimia Nervosa
an eating disorder in which a person alternates binge eating (usually of high calorie foods) with purging (by vomiting or laxative use) or fasting
79
Binge-Eating Disorder
significant binge-eating episodes, followed by distress, disgust, or guilt, but without the compensatory purging or fasting that marks bulimia nervosa
80
Dissociation
a separation of conscious awareness from thoughts, memory, bodily sensations, feelings, or even from identity
81
Dissociative Amnesia
loss of memory with no known physical cause; inability to recall selected memories or any memories
82
Dissociative Fugue
"running away" state; wandering away from one's life, memory, and identity with no memory of these
83
Dissociative Identity Disorder
development of separate personalities
84
Avoidant Personality Disorder
anxious; ruled by fear of social rejection
85
Schizoid Personality Disorder
ecentric/odd; with flat affect, no social attachement
86
Latent Dreams
the underlying meaning of a dream
87
Histronic Personality Disorder
dramatic; attention-seeking; narcissistic; self-centered; antisocial, amoral
88
Consciousness
our awareness of ourselves and our environment
89
Preconscious
just outside of awareness, but still accessible
90
Oral
psychosexual stage; pleasure centers on the mouth (sucking, biting, chewing, etc)
91
Anal
psychosexual stage; pleasure focuses on bowel bad bladder elimination; coping with demands for control
92
Phallic
psychosexual stage; pleasure zone is in the genitals; coping with incestuous sexual feelings
93
Latency
psychosexual stage; a phase of dormant sexual feelings
94
Genital
Psychosexual stage; maturation of sexual interests
95
Projection
disguising one's own threatening impulses by attributing them to others
96
Regression
retreating to a more infantile psychosexual stage, where some psychic energy remains heated
97
1. Unfalsifiability
2. Unrepresentative Sampling
3. Biased Observations
4. Post Facto Explanations
problems with Freud's theory
98
Third Force
the humanistic perspective; Rogers and Maslow studied healthy people rather than people with mental health problems
99
Humanism
focusing on the conditions that support healthy personal growth
100
1. Psychological Needs
2. Safety Needs
3. Belongingness and Love Needs
4. Esteem Needs
5. Self-Actualization
Maslow's hierarchy
101
Maslow's Hierarchy
1. Psychological Needs
2. Safety Needs
3. Belongingness and Love Needs
4. Esteem Needs
5. Self-Actualization
102
Acceptance
unconditional positive regard; acknowledging feelings, even problems without passing judgement; honoring, not devaluing
103
Genuineness
being honest, direct, not using a facade
104
Myers and Briggs
wanted to study individual behaviors and statements to find how people differed in personality: having different traits
105
Empathy
tuning into the feelings of others, showing your efforts to understand, listening well
106
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
a questionnaire categorizing people by traits
107
Ideal Self
people are happiest with a self-concept that matches their _________
108
1. Evil
| 2. Encouraging self indulgence and self-centeredness
critiques of humanism
109
Factor Analysis
a statistical procedure that identifies clusters of related items on a test; used to identify different dimensions of performance that underlie a person's total score
110
Carl Rogers
created the person-centered perspective
111
The Big Five
1. Conscientiousness
2. Agreeableness
3. Neuroticism
4. Openess
5. Extraversion
112
Abraham Maslow
created the self-actualizing person hierarchy
113
1. Conscientiousness
2. Agreeableness
3. Neuroticism
4. Openess
5. Extraversion
the big five
114
Conscientiousness
self-discipline, careful pursuit of delayed goals
115
Agreeableness
helpful, trusting, friendliness
116
Neuroticism
anxiety, insecurity, emotional instability
117
Openess
flexibility,nonconformity, variety
118
Extraversion
drawing energy from others, sociability
119
Philippe Pinel
Proposed that mental disorders were not caused by demonic possession, but by environmental factors such as stress and inhumane conditions
120
1. Clinical Syndrome
2. Personality Disorder/Mental Retardation
3. General Medical Condition
4. Psychosocial/Environmental Problems
5. Global Assessment
the 5 axes of the DSM V
121
26%
rates of disorders
122
Generalized Anxiety Disorder
a person is unexplainably and continually tense and uneasy
123
Anxiety Disorders
psychological disorders characterized by distressing persistent anxiety or maladaptive behaviors that reduce anxiety
124
Panic Disorder
a person experiences sudden episodes of intense dread
125
Panic Attack
a minutes-long episode of intense fear that something horrible is about to happen
126
Social Phobia
an intense fear of being scrutinized by others
127
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder
a person is troubled by repetitive thoughts and/or actions
128
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder
a person has lingering memories, nightmares, and other symptoms for weeks after a severely threatening, uncontrollable event
129
Repressed impulses
Freudian interpretation of anxiety disorders
130
Over generalizing a conditioned response
interpretation of anxiety disorders from classical conditioning
131
Rewarding Avoidance
interpretations of anxiety disorders from operant conditioning
132
Worrying like others
Interpretations of anxiety disorders from observational learning
133
Uncertainty is danger
interpretation of anxiety disorders from cognitive appraisal
134
Surviving by avoiding danger
evolutionary interpretation of anxiety disorders
135
Serotonin and Glutamate
Neurotransmitters that are associated with anxiety
136
Seasonal Affective Disorder
involves a recurring seasonal pattern of depression, usually during winter's short, dark, cold days
137
1. Low Self Esteem
2. Earned Helplessness
3. Expressive Explanatory Style
4. Rumination
depression is associated with:
138
Stressful Events => Negative Explanatory Style => Depressed Mood => Cognitive and Behavior Changes
the depression cycle
139
Hallucinations
false sensory experiences, such as seeing something in the absence of an external visual stimulus
140
Disturbed Perceptions
hallucinations and hearing voices
141
Disorganized Speech
problems with selective attention; loosely associated phrases
142
Psychotherapy
Treatment involving psychological technique; consists of interactions between a trained therapist and someone seeking to overcome psychological difficulties or achieve personal growth
143
Biomedical Therapy
prescribed medications or procedures that act directly on the person's physiology
144
Eclectic Approach
An approach or psychotherapy that, depending on the client's problem, uses techniques from various forms of therapy
145
Interpretation
The analyst's noting supposed dream meanings, resistence, and other significant behaviors and events in order to promote insight
146
Resistance
The blocking from consciousness of anxiety-laden material
147
Transference
The patient's transfer to the analyst of emotions linked with other relationships
148
Interpersonal Therapy
a brief variation of psychodynamic therapy, which has effectively treated depression
149
Client-Centered Therapy
Developed by Rogers, in which the therapist uses techniques such as active listening within a genuine, accepting, empathetic environment to facilitate clients' growth
150
Counterconditioning
A behavior therapy procedure that uses classical conditioning to evoke new responses to stimuli that are triggering unwanted behaviors
151
Exposure Therapy
Behavioral techniques that treat anxieties by exposing people to the things they fear and avoid
152
Systematic Desensitization
A type of exposure therapy that associates a pleasant relaxed state with gradually increasing anxiety-triggering stimuli
153
Virtual Reality Therapy
An anxiety treatment that progressively exposes people to electronic stimulations of their greatest fears
154
Aversive Conditioning
A type of counter conditioning that associates an unpleasant state with an unwanted behavior
155
Token Economy
An operant conditioning procedure in which people earn a token of some sort for exhibiting a desired behavior and can later exchange the tokens for various privileges or treats
156
Rational Emotive Theapy
A confrontational cognitive therapy, developed by Albert Ellis, that vigorously challenges people's illogical, self-defeating attitudes and assumptions
