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PSY 100 > Modules 40-42, 47-54 > Flashcards

Modules 40-42, 47-54 Flashcards

1
Q

Personality

A

an individual’s characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting

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2
Q

Psychodynamic Theories

A

view personality with a focus on the unconscious and the importance of childhood experiences

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3
Q

Free Association

A

in psychoanalysis, a method of exploring the unconscious in which the person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind, no matter how trivial or embarrassing

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4
Q

Psychoanalysis

A

Freud’s theory of personality that attributes thoughts and actions to unconscious motives and conflicts

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5
Q

Unconscious

A

according to Freud, a reservoir of mostly unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memories => information processing of which we are not aware of

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6
Q

Id

A

a reservoir of unconscious psychic energy that strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives

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7
Q

Superego

A

the part of personality that represents internalized ideals and provides standards for judgement (the conscience) and for future aspirations

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7
Q

Ego

A

the largely conscious, “executive” part of personality that mediates among the demands of the id, superego, and reality

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8
Q

Pleasure Principle

A

demanding immediate gratification

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8
Q

Psychosexual Stages

A

the childhood stages of development during which the id’s pleasure-seeking energies focus on distinct erogenous zones

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9
Q

Reality Principle

A

satisfying the id’s desires in ways that will realistically bring pleasure rather than pain

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9
Q

Erogenous Zones

A

sensitive areas of the body

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10
Q

Oedipus Complex

A

a boy’s sexual desires toward his mother and feelings of jealousy and hatred for the rival father

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11
Q

Fixation

A

a lingering focus of pleasure-seeking energies at an earlier psychosexual stage, in which conflicts were resolved

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12
Q

Defense Mechanisms

A

in psychoanalytic theory, the ego’s protective methods of reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality

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13
Q

Projective Test

A

a personality test that provides ambiguous stimuli designed to trigger projection of one’s inner dynamics

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14
Q

Identification

A

the process by which children incorporate their parents’ values into their developing superegos

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14
Q

Rorschach Inkblot Test

A

the most widely used projective test, a set of 10 inkblots, that seeks to identify people’s inner feelings by analyzing their interpretations of the blots

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15
Q

Id

A
  • strives to fulfill basic sexual and aggressive urges
  • pleasure principle
  • unconscious
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16
Q

Ego

A
  • mediates demands of the id and superego
  • reality principle
  • partly conscious
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17
Q

Repression

A

the basic defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories

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17
Q

Superego

A

-internalized ideas and provides standards for judgement
-moral principle
partly conscious

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18
Q

Collective Unconscious

A

the concept of a shared, inherited reservoir of memory traces from our species’ history

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19
Q

Carl Jung

A
  • collective unconscious
  • archetypes
  • strive for joy and harmony
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20
Q

Alfred Adler

A
  • inferiority complex/superiority complex
  • birth order
  • motivation and social needs
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21
Q

False Consensus Effect

A

the tendency to overestimate the extent to which others share our beliefs and behaviors

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21
Q

Karen Horney

A

-criticized Freud’s view of women
-basic anxiety
desire for love and security

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22
Q

Terror-Management Theory

A

a theory of death-related anxiety; explores people’s emotional and behavioral responses to reminders of their impending death

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22
Q

Sigmund Freud

A
  • believed that we are anxious about our unacceptable wishes and impulses, and we repress this anxiety with the help of the strategies below
  • psychoanalysis
  • psychosexual stages
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23
Q

Humanistic Theories

A

view personality with a focus on the potential for healthy personal growth

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24
Q

Self-Actualization

A

one of the ultimate psychological needs that arises after basic physical and psychological needs are met and self-esteem is achieved; the motivation to fulfill one’s potential

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25
Q

Unconditional Positive Regard

A

an attitude of total acceptance toward another person

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26
Q

Self-Concept

A

all our thoughts and feelings about ourselves, in answer to the question, “Who am I?”; our sense of nature and identity

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27
Q

Trait

A

a characteristic pattern of behavior or a disposition to feel and act, as assessed by self-report inventories and peer reports

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28
Q

Trait

A

an enduring quality that makes a person tend to act a certain way

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29
Q

Factor Analysis

A

identifying factors that tend to cluster together

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30
Q

Personality Inventory

A

a questionnaire on which people respond to items designed to guage a wide range of feelings and behaviors; used to assess selected personality traits; often with true/false or agree/disagree items

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31
Q

Empirically Derived Test

A

a test developed by testing a pool of items and then selecting those that discriminate between groups

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31
Q

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)

A

the most widely researches and clinically used of all personality tests; originally developed to identify emotional disorders

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32
Q

Social-Cognitive Perspective

A

views behavior as influenced by the interaction between people’s traits and their social context

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33
Q

Reciprocal Determinism

A

the interacting influences behavior, internal cognition, and environment

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34
Q

Reciprocal

A

a back and forth influence, with no primary cause

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35
Q

Personal Control

A

the extent to which we perceive control over our environment

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35
Q

Locus of Control

A

our perception of where the seat of power over our lives is located

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36
Q

External Locus of Control

A

the perception that chance or outside forces beyond our personal control determine our fate

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37
Q

Internal Locus of Control

A

the perception that you can control your own fate

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38
Q

Self-Control

A

the ability to control impulses and delay gratification for greater long-term rewards

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39
Q

Learned Helplessness

A

the hopelessness and passive resignation an animal or human learns when unable to avoid repeated aversive events

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40
Q

Self

A

in contemporary psychology, assumed to be the center of personality, the organizer of our thoughts, feelings, and actions

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41
Q

Spotlight Effect

A

overestimating others’ noticing and evaluating our appearance, performance, and blunders

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42
Q

Self-Esteem

A

one’s feeling of high or low self-worth

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43
Q

Self-Serving Bias

A

a readiness to perceive oneself favorably

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44
Q

Narcissism

A

excessive self-love and self-absorption

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45
Q

Trait Theory of Personality

A

that we are made up of a collection of traits, behavioral predispositions that can be identified and measured, traits that differ from person to person

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46
Q

Personality Inventory

A

questionnaire assessing many personality traits bu asking which behaviors and responses the person would choose

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47
Q

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory

A

designed to identify people with personality difficulties

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48
Q

Empirically Derived Test

A

all test items have been selected because they predictably matched the qualities being assessed

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48
Q

Psychological Disorder

A

deviant, distressful, and dysfunctional patterns of thoughts, feelings, or behavior

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49
Q

Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)

A

a psychological disorder marked by the appearance by age 7 of one or more of 3 key symptoms: extreme inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity

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50
Q

Medical Model

A

the concept that diseases, in this case psychological disorders, have physical causes that can be diagnosed, treated, and, in most cases, cured, often through treatment in a hospital

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51
Q

DSM-IV-TR

A

a widely used system from classifying psychological disorders

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52
Q

Disorder

A

a state of mental/behavioral ill health

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53
Q

Patterns

A

a collection of symptoms that tend to go together, and not just seeing a single symptom

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54
Q

Deviant

A

differing from the norm

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55
Q

Dysfunction

A

the impact of the psychological disorder on a person’s ability to manage day-to-day tasks and relationships

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56
Q

Distress

A

the internal anguish that can lead to desperation and even to suicide

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57
Q

Culture-Bound Syndromes

A

disorders which only seem to exist within a certain cultures; they demonstrate how culture can play a role in both causing and defining a disorder

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58
Q

Obsessions

A

intense, unwanted worries, ideas and images that repeatedly pop up in the mind

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59
Q

Psychopathy

A

an illness of the mind

59
Q

Compulsion

A

a repeatedly strong feeling of “needing” to carry out an action, even though it doesn’t make sense

60
Q

Mood Disorders

A

psychological disorders characterized by emotional extremes

61
Q

Major Depressive Disorder

A

a mood disorder in which a person experiences, in the absence of drugs or another medical condition. 2 or more weeks of significantly depressed moods or diminished interest or pleasure in most activities, along with at least 4 other symptoms

62
Q

Mania

A

a mood disorder marked by a hyperactive,wildly optimistic state

63
Q

Bipolar Disorder

A

a mood disorder in which a person alternates between the hopelessness and lethargy of depression and the overexcited state of mania

64
Q

Schizophrenia

A

a group of severe disorders characterized by disorganized and delusional thinking, disturbed perceptions, and inappropriate emotions and behaviors

65
Q

Psychosis

A

a psychological disorder in which a person loses contact with reality, experiencing irrational ideas and distorted perceptions

66
Q

Delusions

A

false beliefs, often of persecution or grandeur, that may accompany psychotic disorders

67
Q

Positive Symptoms

A

the presence of inappropriate behavior

68
Q

Negative Symptoms

A

the absence of appropriate behaviors

69
Q

Flat Affect

A

facial/body expression is “flat” with no visible emotional content

70
Q

Positive Symptoms

A

hallucinations (auditory), delusions (persecutory), disorganized thought and speech, bizarre behaviors

71
Q

Negative Symptoms

A

flat affect, reduced social interaction, annedonia, avolition, alogia, catatonia

72
Q

Catatonia

A

moving less

73
Q

Dissociative Disorders

A

disorders in which conscious awareness becomes separated from previous memories thoughts and feelings

74
Q

Dissociative Identity Disorder

A

a rare dissociative disorder in which a person exhibits two or more distinct and alternating personalities

75
Q

Annedonia

A

no feeling of engagement

75
Q

Personality Disorders

A

psychological disorders characterized by inflexible and enduring behavior patterns that impair social functioning

76
Q

Avolition

A

less motivation, initiative, focus on tasks

76
Q

Antisocial Personality Disorder

A

a personality disorder in which a person (usually a man) exhibits a lack of conscience for wrongdoing, even toward friends and family members

77
Q

Alogia

A

speaking less

77
Q

Anorexia Nervosa

A

an eating disorder in which a person (usually an adolescent female) maintains a starvation diet despite being significantly (15% or more) underweight

78
Q

Bulimia Nervosa

A

an eating disorder in which a person alternates binge eating (usually of high calorie foods) with purging (by vomiting or laxative use) or fasting

79
Q

Binge-Eating Disorder

A

significant binge-eating episodes, followed by distress, disgust, or guilt, but without the compensatory purging or fasting that marks bulimia nervosa

80
Q

Dissociation

A

a separation of conscious awareness from thoughts, memory, bodily sensations, feelings, or even from identity

81
Q

Dissociative Amnesia

A

loss of memory with no known physical cause; inability to recall selected memories or any memories

82
Q

Dissociative Fugue

A

“running away” state; wandering away from one’s life, memory, and identity with no memory of these

83
Q

Dissociative Identity Disorder

A

development of separate personalities

84
Q

Avoidant Personality Disorder

A

anxious; ruled by fear of social rejection

85
Q

Schizoid Personality Disorder

A

ecentric/odd; with flat affect, no social attachement

86
Q

Latent Dreams

A

the underlying meaning of a dream

87
Q

Histronic Personality Disorder

A

dramatic; attention-seeking; narcissistic; self-centered; antisocial, amoral

88
Q

Consciousness

A

our awareness of ourselves and our environment

89
Q

Preconscious

A

just outside of awareness, but still accessible

90
Q

Oral

A

psychosexual stage; pleasure centers on the mouth (sucking, biting, chewing, etc)

91
Q

Anal

A

psychosexual stage; pleasure focuses on bowel bad bladder elimination; coping with demands for control

92
Q

Phallic

A

psychosexual stage; pleasure zone is in the genitals; coping with incestuous sexual feelings

93
Q

Latency

A

psychosexual stage; a phase of dormant sexual feelings

94
Q

Genital

A

Psychosexual stage; maturation of sexual interests

95
Q

Projection

A

disguising one’s own threatening impulses by attributing them to others

96
Q

Regression

A

retreating to a more infantile psychosexual stage, where some psychic energy remains heated

97
Q
  1. Unfalsifiability
  2. Unrepresentative Sampling
  3. Biased Observations
  4. Post Facto Explanations
A

problems with Freud’s theory

98
Q

Third Force

A

the humanistic perspective; Rogers and Maslow studied healthy people rather than people with mental health problems

99
Q

Humanism

A

focusing on the conditions that support healthy personal growth

100
Q
  1. Psychological Needs
  2. Safety Needs
  3. Belongingness and Love Needs
  4. Esteem Needs
  5. Self-Actualization
A

Maslow’s hierarchy

101
Q

Maslow’s Hierarchy

A
  1. Psychological Needs
  2. Safety Needs
  3. Belongingness and Love Needs
  4. Esteem Needs
  5. Self-Actualization
102
Q

Acceptance

A

unconditional positive regard; acknowledging feelings, even problems without passing judgement; honoring, not devaluing

103
Q

Genuineness

A

being honest, direct, not using a facade

104
Q

Myers and Briggs

A

wanted to study individual behaviors and statements to find how people differed in personality: having different traits

105
Q

Empathy

A

tuning into the feelings of others, showing your efforts to understand, listening well

106
Q

Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)

A

a questionnaire categorizing people by traits

107
Q

Ideal Self

A

people are happiest with a self-concept that matches their _________

108
Q
  1. Evil

2. Encouraging self indulgence and self-centeredness

A

critiques of humanism

109
Q

Factor Analysis

A

a statistical procedure that identifies clusters of related items on a test; used to identify different dimensions of performance that underlie a person’s total score

110
Q

Carl Rogers

A

created the person-centered perspective

111
Q

The Big Five

A
  1. Conscientiousness
  2. Agreeableness
  3. Neuroticism
  4. Openess
  5. Extraversion
112
Q

Abraham Maslow

A

created the self-actualizing person hierarchy

113
Q
  1. Conscientiousness
  2. Agreeableness
  3. Neuroticism
  4. Openess
  5. Extraversion
A

the big five

114
Q

Conscientiousness

A

self-discipline, careful pursuit of delayed goals

115
Q

Agreeableness

A

helpful, trusting, friendliness

116
Q

Neuroticism

A

anxiety, insecurity, emotional instability

117
Q

Openess

A

flexibility,nonconformity, variety

118
Q

Extraversion

A

drawing energy from others, sociability

119
Q

Philippe Pinel

A

Proposed that mental disorders were not caused by demonic possession, but by environmental factors such as stress and inhumane conditions

120
Q
  1. Clinical Syndrome
  2. Personality Disorder/Mental Retardation
  3. General Medical Condition
  4. Psychosocial/Environmental Problems
  5. Global Assessment
A

the 5 axes of the DSM V

121
Q

26%

A

rates of disorders

122
Q

Generalized Anxiety Disorder

A

a person is unexplainably and continually tense and uneasy

123
Q

Anxiety Disorders

A

psychological disorders characterized by distressing persistent anxiety or maladaptive behaviors that reduce anxiety

124
Q

Panic Disorder

A

a person experiences sudden episodes of intense dread

125
Q

Panic Attack

A

a minutes-long episode of intense fear that something horrible is about to happen

126
Q

Social Phobia

A

an intense fear of being scrutinized by others

127
Q

Obsessive Compulsive Disorder

A

a person is troubled by repetitive thoughts and/or actions

128
Q

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder

A

a person has lingering memories, nightmares, and other symptoms for weeks after a severely threatening, uncontrollable event

129
Q

Repressed impulses

A

Freudian interpretation of anxiety disorders

130
Q

Over generalizing a conditioned response

A

interpretation of anxiety disorders from classical conditioning

131
Q

Rewarding Avoidance

A

interpretations of anxiety disorders from operant conditioning

132
Q

Worrying like others

A

Interpretations of anxiety disorders from observational learning

133
Q

Uncertainty is danger

A

interpretation of anxiety disorders from cognitive appraisal

134
Q

Surviving by avoiding danger

A

evolutionary interpretation of anxiety disorders

135
Q

Serotonin and Glutamate

A

Neurotransmitters that are associated with anxiety

136
Q

Seasonal Affective Disorder

A

involves a recurring seasonal pattern of depression, usually during winter’s short, dark, cold days

137
Q
  1. Low Self Esteem
  2. Earned Helplessness
  3. Expressive Explanatory Style
  4. Rumination
A

depression is associated with:

138
Q

Stressful Events => Negative Explanatory Style => Depressed Mood => Cognitive and Behavior Changes

A

the depression cycle

139
Q

Hallucinations

A

false sensory experiences, such as seeing something in the absence of an external visual stimulus

140
Q

Disturbed Perceptions

A

hallucinations and hearing voices

141
Q

Disorganized Speech

A

problems with selective attention; loosely associated phrases

142
Q

Psychotherapy

A

Treatment involving psychological technique; consists of interactions between a trained therapist and someone seeking to overcome psychological difficulties or achieve personal growth

143
Q

Biomedical Therapy

A

prescribed medications or procedures that act directly on the person’s physiology

144
Q

Eclectic Approach

A

An approach or psychotherapy that, depending on the client’s problem, uses techniques from various forms of therapy

145
Q

Interpretation

A

The analyst’s noting supposed dream meanings, resistence, and other significant behaviors and events in order to promote insight

146
Q

Resistance

A

The blocking from consciousness of anxiety-laden material

147
Q

Transference

A

The patient’s transfer to the analyst of emotions linked with other relationships

148
Q

Interpersonal Therapy

A

a brief variation of psychodynamic therapy, which has effectively treated depression

149
Q

Client-Centered Therapy

A

Developed by Rogers, in which the therapist uses techniques such as active listening within a genuine, accepting, empathetic environment to facilitate clients’ growth

150
Q

Counterconditioning

A

A behavior therapy procedure that uses classical conditioning to evoke new responses to stimuli that are triggering unwanted behaviors

151
Q

Exposure Therapy

A

Behavioral techniques that treat anxieties by exposing people to the things they fear and avoid

152
Q

Systematic Desensitization

A

A type of exposure therapy that associates a pleasant relaxed state with gradually increasing anxiety-triggering stimuli

153
Q

Virtual Reality Therapy

A

An anxiety treatment that progressively exposes people to electronic stimulations of their greatest fears

154
Q

Aversive Conditioning

A

A type of counter conditioning that associates an unpleasant state with an unwanted behavior

155
Q

Token Economy

A

An operant conditioning procedure in which people earn a token of some sort for exhibiting a desired behavior and can later exchange the tokens for various privileges or treats

156
Q

Rational Emotive Theapy

A

A confrontational cognitive therapy, developed by Albert Ellis, that vigorously challenges people’s illogical, self-defeating attitudes and assumptions

PSY 100 (2 decks)

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