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AP Psych > Modules 37-54 > Flashcards

Modules 37-54 Flashcards

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1
Q

motivation

A

a need or desire that energizes and directs behavior

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2
Q

instinct theory of motivation

A

people are driven to do certain behaviors based on evolutionarily programmed instincts

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3
Q

arousal theory of motivation

A

theory of motivation in which people are said to have an optimal (best or ideal) level of tension that they seek to maintain by increasing or decreasing stimulation

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4
Q

Yerkes-Dodson Law

A

the principle that performance increases with arousal only up to a point, beyond which performance decreases

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5
Q

James-Lange Theory

A

the principle that our experience of emotion is our awareness of our physiological responses to emotion-arousing stimuli

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6
Q

Cannon-Bard Theory

A

the theory that an emotion-arousing stimulus simultaneously triggers (1) physiological responses and (2) the subjective experience of emotion

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7
Q

Schachter-Singer Theory of Emotion

A

physical arousal paired with a cognitive label-i.e., my heart is beating, my palms are sweating-it must be love!

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8
Q

high road emotional response

A

occurs with complex love/hate emotions; stimulus traveled through the thalamus to the cortex to be analyzed before the response is sent

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9
Q

low road emotional response

A

automatic and unconscious

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10
Q

Paul Eckman

A

interested in the universality of facial expressions: facial expressions carry same meaning regardless of culture, context, or language. use of microexpressions to detect lying. typology of emotions

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11
Q

stress

A

the reaction of the body and mind to everyday challenges and demands

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12
Q

stressors

A

specific events or chronoc pressures that place demands on a person or threaten the person’s well-being

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13
Q

biofeedback

A

the process of learning to control bodily states by monitoring the states to be controlled

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14
Q

martin seligman

A

researcher known for work on learned helplessness and learned optimism as well as positive psychology

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15
Q

adaption-level phenomenon

A

our tendency to form judgements (of sounds, of lights, of income) relative to a neutral level defined by our prior experience

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16
Q

relative deprivation

A

the perception that one is worse off relative to those with whom one compares oneself

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17
Q

teratogens

A

agents, such as chemical and viruses, that can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause harm

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18
Q

egocentric

A

self-centered

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19
Q

object permanence

A

the awareness that things continue to exist even when not percieved

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20
Q

lev vygotsky

A

child development; investigates how culture & interpersonal communication communication guide development; zone of proximal development; play research

21
Q

mary ainsworth

A

studied how different attachment styles affected kids

22
Q

autism spectrum disorder (ASD)

A

a disorder that appears in childhood and is marked by significant deficiencies in communication and social interaction, and by rigidly fixated interests and repetitive behaviors

23
Q

harry harlow

A

studied attachment in monkeys with artificial mothers

24
Q

gender roles

A

sets of behavioral societal expectations (norms) assumed to accompany one’s status as male or female

25
Q

gender identity

A

our personal sense of being male or female

26
Q

gender typing

A

the process of developing (learning) the behaviors, thoughts, and emotions associated with a particular gender

27
Q

androgyny

A

displaying both traditional masculine and feminine psychological characteristics

28
Q

transgender

A

an umbrella term describing people whose gender identity or expression differs from that associated with their birth sex

29
Q

neurocognitive disorders

A

acquired (not lifelong) disorders marked by cognitive deficits; often related to alzheimer’s disease, brain injury or disease, or substance abuse. in older adults neurocognitive disorders were formerly called dementia

30
Q

midlife transition

A

a period in middle adulthood when a person’s perspective on his or her life may change significantly

30
Q

drive-reduction theory

A

approach to motivation that assumes behavior arises from physiological needs that cause internal drives to push the need and reduce tension and arousal

30
Q

achievement motivation

A

a desire for significant accomplishment: for mastery of things, people, or ideas; for attaining a high standard

30
Q

maslow’s hierarchy of needs

A

a theoretical organization of individuals needs: physiological, safety, love/belonging, esteem, self-actualization, self-transcendence

31
Q

facial feedback effect

A

the tendency of facial expressions to trigger corresponding feelings such as fear, anger, or happiness

32
Q

behavioral feedback effect

A

the tendency of behavior to influence our own and others’ thoughts, feelings, and actions

33
Q

general adaptation syndrome

A

seyle’s concept that the body responds to stress with alarm, resistance and exhaustion

34
Q

tend-and-befriend response

A

under stress, people often provide support to others and bond with and seek support from others

35
Q

positive psychology perspective

A

a viewpoint that recommends shifting the focus of psychology away from the negative aspects to a more positive focus on strengths, well-being, and the pursuit of happiness

36
Q

nature and nurture

A

our development is forced by the interrelationship of biological, and social-cultural forces

37
Q

continuity and change

A

the recognition that while many things change over time others continue, even if in modified forms

38
Q

stability-change issue

A

do our early personality traits persist through life, or do we become different people as we age?

39
Q

jean piaget

A

four stage theory of cognitive development
1. sensorimotor
2. preoperational
3. concrete operational
4. formal operational
he said that the two basic processes work in tandem to achieve cognitive growth-assimilation and accommodation

40
Q

secure attachment

A

a relationship in which an infant obtains both comfort and confidence from the presence of his or her caregiver

41
Q

insecure attachment

A

demonstrated by infants who display either a clinging, anxious attachment or an avoidant attachment that resists closeness

42
Q

social connectedness

A

citizens’ involvement in groups and their relationships to their communities and families

43
Q

kohlberg’s stages of moral development

A

stages of moral reasoning which forms the basis of ethical behavior, the pre-conventional (level 1) contains the first stage (obedience and punishment orientation and second stage (self-interest orientation), the conventional (level 2) contains the third stage (interpersonal accord and conformity) and fourth stage (authority and social-order maintaining orientation) the post-conventional (level 3) contains the 5th stage (social contract orientation) and the 6th stage (universal ethical principles)

44
Q

strange situation experiment

A

mary ainsworth experiment; observed children and mother during first six months ald later observed the 1 year old infants in strange situation

45
Q

erik erikson

A

8 psychosocial stages of development: theory shows how people evolve through the lifespan. each stage is marked by a psychological crisis that involves confronting “who am I?”

AP Psych (6 decks)

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