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AP Psych > Mods 26-30 > Flashcards

Mods 26-30 Flashcards

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1
Q

associative learning

A

linking two stimuli, or events, that occur together

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2
Q

classical conditioning

A

a type of learning in which one learns to link to or more stimuli and anticipate events

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3
Q

john watson

A

early behaviorist; famous for the “little albert” experiments on fear conditioning

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4
Q

ivan pavlov

A

discovered classical conditioning; trained dogs to salivate at the ringing of a bell

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5
Q

neutral stimulus (ns)

A

a stimulus that elicits no response before conditioning

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6
Q

conditioned stimulus and response

A

learned stimulus/response

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7
Q

unconditioned stimulus (us)

A

in classical conditioning, a stimulus that unconditionally, naturally and automatically, triggers a response

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8
Q

unconditioned response (ur)

A

in classical conditioning, the unlearned, naturally occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus, such as salivation when food is in the mouth

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9
Q

conditioned response

A

a learned response to a previously neutral stimulus

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10
Q

extinction

A

the diminishing of a conditional response. occurs in classical conditioning when an unconditioned stimulus does not follow a conditioned stimulus; occurs in operant conditioning when a response is no longer reinforced

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11
Q

acquisition

A

in classical conditioning, the initial stage, when one links a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus begins triggering the conditioned response; in operant conditioning, the strengthening of a reinforced response

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12
Q

higher-order conditioning

A

occurs when a strong conditioned stimulus is paired with a neutral stimulus, causing the neutral stimulus to become a second conditioned stimulus

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13
Q

spontaneous recovery

A

the reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response

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14
Q

generalization

A

the tendency, once a response had been conditioned, for a stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit similar responses

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15
Q

discrimination

A

in classical conditioning, the learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus

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16
Q

edward thorndike

A

pioneer in operant conditioning who discovered concepts in instrumental learning such as the law of effect; known for his work with cats in puzzle boxes

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17
Q

law of effect

A

thorndike’s principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely, and that behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely

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18
Q

operant conditioning

A

a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher

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19
Q

operant chamber (skinner box)

A

a chamber containing a bar or key that an animal can manipulate to obtain a food or water reinforcer, with attached devices to record the animal’s rate of bar pressing or key pecking; used in operant conditioning

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20
Q

reinforcements

A

positive = add good
negative = take away something bad
reinforcement = want to make a behavior occur

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21
Q

discriminating stimulus

A

in operant conditioning, a stimulus that elicits a response after association with a reinforcement

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22
Q

shaping bahavior

A

rewarding approximations of desired behaviors

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23
Q

positive reinforcement

A

increasing behaviors by presenting positive stimuli, such as food; A positive reinforcer is an stimulus that, when presented after a response, strengthens the response

24
Q

negative reinforcement

A

increasing behaviors by stopping or reducing negative stimuli, such as shock. a negative reinforcer is any stimulus that, when removed after a response, strengthens the response

25
Q

primary reinforcement

A

something that is naturally reinforcing, such as food, (if you were hungry), warmth (if you were cold), and water (if you were thirsty)

26
Q

conditioned reinforcement (secondary reinforcement)

A

occurs when a stimulus reinforces set behaviors through its association with a primary reinforcer

27
Q

immediate reinforcer

A

a reinforcer that is delayed in time for a certain behavior

28
Q

fixed-ratio schedule

A

a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses

29
Q

fixed-interval schedule

A

a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed

30
Q

variable-ratio schedule

A

a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses

31
Q

variable-interval schedule

A

a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals

32
Q

partial reinforcement schedule

A

reinforcing a response only part of the time; results in slower acquisition of a response but much greater resistance to extinction than does continuous reinforcement

33
Q

continuous reinforcement schedule

A

a schedule that requires a consequence to be administered following every instance of a behavior

34
Q

drawback of punishment

A

mis-used or over-used: may lead to negative reinforcement of punisher
lack of generalization: may lead to decrease in behavior only in the presence of the punisher
may increase or escalate the behavior (provoke aggression)
Not always effective in the long term

35
Q

preparedness

A

a biological predisposition to learn associations, such as between taste and nausea, that have survival value

36
Q

john garcia

A

researched taste aversion. showed that when rats ate a novel substance before being nauseated by a drug or radiation, they developed a conditioned taste aversion for the substance

37
Q

rebert rescola

A

role of cognitive processes in classical conditioning

38
Q

instinctive drift

A

tendency for animals to return to innate behaviors following repeated reinforcment

39
Q

edward tolman

A

cognitive psychologist; latent learning and cognitive map

40
Q

latent learning (instinctive learning)

A

learning that takes place in absence of reinforcement

41
Q

cognitive mapping

A

an internal representation of the spatial relationships among objects in the environment

42
Q

insight learning

A

the process of learning how to solve a problem or do something new by applying what is already known

43
Q

instrinsic motivation

A

a desire to perform a behavior effectively for its own sake

44
Q

extrinsic motivation

A

a desire to perform a behavior to receive promised rewards or avoid threatened punishment

45
Q

problem-centered coping

A

they appraise the situation as changeable, identify the difficulty, and decide what to do about it

46
Q

emotion-centered coping

A

internal, private, and aimed at controlling distress when little can be done about an outcome

47
Q

personal control

A

the extent to which people perceive control over their environment rather than feeling helpless

48
Q

martin seligman

A

conducted experiments with dogs that led to the concept of “learned helplessness”

49
Q

internal locus of control

A

the perception that you control your own fate

50
Q

external locus of control

A

the perception that chance or outside forces beyond your personal control determine your fate

51
Q

albert bandura

A

pioneer in observational learning (social learning), stated that people profit from the mistakes/successes of others

52
Q

bobo doll experiment

A

nursery school students observed an adult play aggressively (yelling & hitting) with an inflatable clown; when children were later allowed to play with the toy clown, those children who witnesses the toy clown performed the same aggressive actions and improvised new ways of playing aggressively

53
Q

neural mirroring

A

a class of neurons that modulate their activity both when an individual executes a specific motor act and when they observe the same or similar act performed by another individual

54
Q

observational learning

A

occurs when an organism’s responding is influenced by others (models)

55
Q

modeling

A

the process of observing and imitating a specific behavior

56
Q

prosocial behavior

A

positive, constructive, helpful behavior

57
Q

antisocial behavior

A

negative, destructive, unhelpful behavior

AP Psych (6 decks)

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