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introduction to wine & winemaking > Modules 3 & 4: Viticulture - Winegrapes and Grape Growing > Flashcards

Modules 3 & 4: Viticulture - Winegrapes and Grape Growing Flashcards

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1
Q

The top five grape varieties planted worldwide in 2018 are included in the list below.

Rank them in order of importance acreage-wise (with the most widely planted variety as 1).

Chardonnay
Cab Sauv
Merlot
Airen
Tempranillo
Zinfandel

A

Cab Sauv
Merlot
Tempranillo
Airen
Chardonnay
Zin

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2
Q

Describe Cabernet Sauvignon (color, origin, grape, wine)

A

Berries are thick-skinned, small, and dark
blue in color; they are high in tannins and
acidity; they are currently the most widely
planted red variety in the world; originated
from Bordeaux in France

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3
Q

Concord grape - a strongly flavored grape that is widely used for juice, jams and jellies.

A

Vitis Labrusca

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4
Q

A native grape that has no useable berries

A

Vitis Californica

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5
Q

The European grape species that includes most mainstream varietal wines of the world

A

Vitis Vinifera

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6
Q

Muscadine or Noble grape - bronze colored grape that is resistant to Pierce’s disease.

A

Muscadinia rotundifolia

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7
Q

Hybrid Direct Producer

A

Vitis vinifera x Phylloxera - resistant species

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8
Q

What type of disease is Red Blotch

A

Viral

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9
Q

What type of disease is Powdery Mildew

A

Fungal

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10
Q

What type of disease is Botrytis cinerea

A

Fungal

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11
Q

What type of disease is Phylloxera

A

Insect Pest

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12
Q

What type of disease is elemental sulfur treatment

A

Fungal

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13
Q

What type of disease is Leaf Roll

A

Viral

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14
Q

What type of disease is Pierce’s Disease

A

Bacterial

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15
Q

How many grape varieties exist?

A

over 5000

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16
Q

what compound causes the pigmentation is the skin

A

anthocyanin

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17
Q

Describe Merlot

A

This variety is often blended with Cabernet
Sauvignon; makes a fruity wine that matures
quickly; originally from Bordeaux, France,
and is the most widely planted variety in
Bordeaux

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18
Q

Describe Tempranillo

A

Berries and wine have a fairly neutral flavor
profile with some plum and strawberry
aromas; it makes full-bodied wines due to
tannins and acids and is often blended with
other varieties; it is prone to disease; it
originated in northern Spain

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19
Q

Describe Syrah (Shiraz)

A

Berries are thick-skinned and almost black in
color; it has floral and spicy aromas; it thrives
on hillsides and was originally from the
northern Rhone region of France

20
Q

Describe Grenache (Grenacha)

A

A high sugar variety with fruity aromas; often
lacks acidity, tannins, and color; ripens late
and requires hot, dry growing conditions;
used in blends (a common blend is Grenache,
Syrah, Mourvèdre or GSM); extensively
grown in the Rhone Valley of France;
probably originated in Spain and still widely
grown there

21
Q

Describe Pinot Noir

A

Clusters are compact and berries have low
levels of tannins and color in the skins; makes
medium to light-bodied wines; traditionally it
is not blended with other varieties; white
juice is used for sparkling wine production;
an ancient variety from Burgundy in France

22
Q

Describe Zinfandel

A

Makes jammy-flavored red wines; often
ripened to high sugar levels which results in
high alcohol wines; often used to make a
blush or rosé wine termed ‘White Zinfandel’;
a popular variety in California; originated in
Croatia where it is known as Crljenak, Kaštelansky; in Italy it is known as Primitivo; it came to California about 150 years ago;

23
Q

Describe Airen

A

A drought and disease resistant variety with
high yields; not considered to make high
quality wines; is mostly used in blends; from
Spain and highly planted there

24
Q

Describe Chardonnay

A

Disease resistant and easy to grow adapting
to diverse climate and soil conditions; used
to make sparkling wine; most popular white
grape variety; originally from Burgundy,
France

25
Q

Describe Sauvignon Blanc

A

tropical fruit and gooseberry aromas; has
high acidity; good for blending and
traditionally blended in Bordeaux with
Semillon to make dry and sweet wines;
second most popular white variety; originally
from Bordeaux, France

26
Q

Describe Trebbiano Toscano (Ugni Blanc)

A

Neutral flavor (undistinguished) with some
fruity aromas and high acidity; widely planted
in France and used for distillation (i.e.,
Cognac and Armagnac in France); ancient
grape from Italy and still widely planted there

27
Q

Describe Riesling

A

Makes dry to very sweet wines; light bodies,
acidic, with fruity, spicy aromas; originally
from Germany and still widely planted there;
often infect with Botrytis cinerea (noble rot)
to make very sweet wines

28
Q

Describe Thompson Seedless

A

Neutral flavor; versatile and used for
blending; has high yields and does well in
hot, dry climates; used for raisins (known as
Sultana in some areas of the world)

29
Q

Name four other notable white grape varietals and where they are from

A

Chenin blanc (from Loire Valley, France,
grown in South Africa)
Gewürztraminer (from Alsace region of
France)
Sémillon (from Bordeaux, grown in Australia)
Colombard (from France)

30
Q

Name 8 other notable red varieties and where they are from

A

Gamay noir (from Beaujolais, France)
Cabernet franc (from France)
Malbec (from France, popular in Argentina)
Nebbiolo (from Italy)
Barbera (from Italy)
Sangiovese (from Italy)
Mourvèdre (from Spain)
Poulsard (grown only in the Jura Mountains
of France)

31
Q

5 Rootstocks resistant to Phylloxera and other
pests and diseases; used for breeding for
other traits such as drought resistance, etc.

A

Vitis rupestris, Vitis riparia, Vitis berlandieri,
V. arizonica, V. girdiana

32
Q

Describe grafting

A

joining the rootstock to the trunk/stem or branches
site where they are joined is called the graft union

33
Q

Name 3 things you can use to treat fungal diseases

A

sulfur powders, copper sprays and fungicides

34
Q

What can you do to control Pierce’s disease

A

controling the insect vector

35
Q

What can you do to control viral diseases

A

use clean plant materials for planting and grafting

36
Q

List the 6 stages of grapevine growth

A

Budbreak
Flowering
Fruit Set
Veraison
Harvest
Dormancy

37
Q

Name 4 things why canopy management is important

A

controls the size and shape of the vineyard
controls the amount of light that reaches the fruit
controls the amount of fruit
impacts wine flavor

38
Q

Describe the berry structure (3 components, what they contain)

A

Skin - pigment, tannins
Seeds - Tannins
Pulp - juice, no pigment

39
Q

3 things to mitigate frost

A

Spraying with water
smudge pots
wind turbines

40
Q

typical life of a vine

A

20-25 years

41
Q

typical yield of grapes in california per acre

A

2-26 tons

42
Q

typical premium wine yield

A

3-7 tons per acre

43
Q

how many gallons in a ton of grapes

A

160 gallons or 600 liters

44
Q

What is spur pruned, cordon trained vine

A

the cordons branching from the main trunk stay in place from year to year. The cordons have been trained to follow a trellis wire, branching out laterally in two directions from the main trunk . The spur, which is last year’s wood is the most recent wood on the vine and it is pruned to leave two buds for the coming year’s growth.

45
Q

What is cane pruning

A

nearly all the vine from the previous year is removed
except for one or two canes from the head of the trunk and a renewal spur. The canes are
trained along a trellis wire. Along the length of the cane will be buds that become the shoots
and flower clusters for the coming year.

46
Q

The grape variety Concord is a variety of the _________________ grape species

A

Vitis Labrusca

introduction to wine & winemaking (5 decks)

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