Modules 28,29, and 30 Flashcards
How does superstitious behavior form?
The accidental timing of rewards
Ex.: If a softball player gets a hit after tapping the plate with the bat, he or she may be more likely to do so again.
What is latent learning?
Learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it
Ex.: A child might learn how to solve a math problem in class, but this learning is not immediately apparent.
What is insight?
A sudden realization of a problem’s solution; contrasts with strategy-based solutions
What is intrinsic motivation? What can destroy it?
A desire to perform a behavior effectively for its own sake.
Excessive rewards can destroy intrinsic motivation.
Ex.: Children have been promised a playoff for playing with a toy. Later they played with the toy less than other unpaid children did.
The overuse of bribes- leading people to see their actions as externally controlled rather than internally appealing- is called ____________.
overjustification
What is extrinsic motivation?
Behaving in certain ways to gain external rewards or avoid threatened punishment.
What does cope mean?
Alleviating stress using emotional, cognitive, or behavioral methods.
What is problem-focused coping?
Attempting to alleviate stress directly by changing the stressor or the way we interact with that stressor.
Ex.: If our impatience leads to a family fight, we may go directly to that family member to work things out.
What is emotion-focused coping?
Attempting to alleviate stress by avoiding or ignoring a stressor.
When we cannot or believe we cannot change a situation
Ex.: If , despite our best efforts, we cannot get along with that family member, we may search for stress relief by reaching out to friends for support and comfort.
What is learned helplessness
The hopelessness and passive resignation a person or animal learns when unable to avoid repeated aversive events.
What is external locus of control?
The perceptions that chance or outside forces determine one’s fate.
What is the internal locus of control?
The perception that you control your own fate.
People with this typically achieve more, enjoy better health, and are happier than those who perceive an external locus control.
What is self-control?
The ability to control impulses and delay short-term gratification for greater long-term rewards.
Requires attention and energy, but predicts good adjustment, better grades, and social success.
Classical conditioning principles are constrained by __________ ___________ , which makes learning some associations easier than others.
Biological predispositions
___________ ___________ also place limits on operant conditioning . Training attempting to override ___________ ___________ will probably not endure because animals will revert to predisposed patterns.
Biological constraints.
