Module 26- How we learn and Classical conditioning Flashcards
What is learning?
The process of acquiring new behaviors and information.
What is habituation?
When your responsiveness decreases as a result of being repeatedly stimulated.
What is associative learning?
It is when you link two events that can occur together.
Ex.: Training an animal with treats when they are good and punishments when they are bad.
The process of learning associations is ____________
conditioning
What is classical conditioning?
We learn to associate two stimuli and anticipate events.
Ex.: We learn that lightning signals an impending crack of thunder. When lightning flashes nearby, we start to brace ourselves
What is operant conditioning?
We learn to associate a response (our behavior) and a consequence. Therefore, we learn to continue behaviors that offer us rewards and avoid behaviors that treat us with punishment.
What is cognitive learning?
Acquiring mental information through observation, watching others, or through language.
What is an unconditioned response (UR)?
An unlearned, naturally occurring response.
What is an unconditioned stimulus? (US)
A natural, automatically occurring stimulus, triggers a UR
What is a conditioned response? (CR)
A learned response to a previously neutral (but now conditioned) stimulus
What is a conditioned stimulus? (CS)
A stimulus that was initially irrelevant, which after associating with an unconditioned stimulus (US), comes to trigger a conditioned response (CR).
What is the difference between conditioned and unconditioned?
Conditioned=learned
Unconditioned=unlearned
What are the five major conditioning processes stated by Pavlov?
-Acquisition
-Extinction
-Spontaneous recovery
-Generalization
-Discrimination
What is acquisition in the conditioning process?
The initial learning of the stimulus-response relationship;
A neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus link so the neutral stimulus begins triggering the conditioned response.
What is higher order conditioning?
A procedure in which the conditioned stimulus in one conditioning experience is paired with a new neutral stimulus, creating a second (often weaker) conditioned stimulus.
Ex.: An animal that has learned that the tone predicts the food might then learn that a light predicts the tone and begin responding to the light alone. (also called second order conditioning)
What is extinction?
Diminished responding that occurs when the uncontrolled stimulus (US) no longer follows the controlled stimulus (CS).
Ex.: If a tone indicated that food was to come for a dog, but no food arrived and the tone kept occurring, the dog’s salvation would lessen.
What is spontaneous recovery?
The reappearance of a weakened controlled response after a pause.
This also proved that extinction only suppressed the CR, it did not totally eliminate it.
What is generalization?
The tendency to respond likewise to a stimuli similar to the controlled stimulus (CS)
Ex.: A dog conditioned to salivate when rubbed would also drool a bit when scratched.
Can generalized fears linger?
Yes
What is discrimination?
The learned ability to distinguish a conditioned stimulus and an irrelevant stimulus.
Ex.: If a bell tone were the conditioned stimulus, the discrimination would involve being able to tell the difference between the bell tone and similar bell tones.
What is a stimulus?
A stimulus is any event or situation that evokes a response.
What is a neutral stimulus (NS) in classical conditioning?
A stimulus that elicits no response before conditioning.
Acquisition supports the view that classical conditioning is ___________ ___________
biologically adaptive
Pavlov taught us that psychological phenomena can be studied objectively (not influenced by personal feelings) and that __________ ___________ is a basic for learning that applies to all species.
Classical conditioning
Classical conditioning can help improve what? What body system also responds to classical conditioning?
It can improve human health and well-being in many areas, including therapy for those recovering from drug addiction and for those overcoming fears.
The immune system may also respond to classical conditioning.
Ivan Pavlov’s work on classical conditioning laid the foundation for what?
Laid the foundation for behaviorism, that psychology should be an objective science that studies behavior without reference to mental processes.
