Modules 13-16 Flashcards
True or False:
Potassium ions are high concentrations inside of cells including in neurons.
True
True or False:
Voltage-gated ion channels open when a protein binds to the receptor.
False
In the motor end plate, the event that is the immediate trigger for exocytosis is:
Calcium ions
The terminal web:
is the site where exocytosis occurs
The neural tissues are:
Spinal cord, sensory neurons, and brain
True or False:
Fast neurons as described in lecture are fast because they are surrounded by a type of glial cell that results in a myelin coating.
False
List the 4 types of glial cells and list a phrase to describe their function.
Schwann - wraps around the axons of neurons in the peripheral nervous system, providing electrical insulation.
Myelin - covering produced by Schwann cells and oligodendrocytes.
Astrocytes - surround the smallest blood vessels in the brain. (protect the brain from toxic chemicals in the blood)
Microglia - part of cellular immune system to protect the brain.
True or False:
Only pre-synaptic neurons are coated with myelin.
False
The central nervous system (CNS) contains:
There is no correct answer
True or False:
Excitatory synapses make the post synaptic cell less likely to fire.
False
The axon from a pre=synaptic cell contacts the axon of another neuron.
False
True or False:
Acetylcholine exocytosed from the presynaptic cell travels to the postsynaptic cell to start the action potential in the postsynaptic cell.
True
True or False:
Receptors are made from membrane-bound polyribosomes.
True
True or False:
The membrane potential (resting potential) is largely set by the Na-K-ATPase pump.
True
The post-synaptic cell can be:
In glands, muscle cells, neurons
How do the glial cells (i.e., myelin sheath) speed up the firing of neurons?
By wrapping tightly around the axon which causes depolarization to jump from space to space between the glial cells.
The resting potential of neurons is:
about -60 millivolts (mV)
Briefly explain why the action potential flows only from the axon hillock to the terminal web.
higher density voltage-gated ion channels
True or False:
Excitatory synapses cause hyperpolarization of post-synaptic cells.
Fasle
The action potential is:
A result of the movement of ions.
True or False:
The axon hillock in the pre-synaptic neuron fires based on temporal and spatial summation of inputs.
True
True or False:
The receptors in post-synaptic cells are the basis on which the synapse can be defined as inhibitory or excitatory.
False
True or False:
Acetylcholine esterase breaks acetylcholine into muscarinic acid
False
True or False:
The cell body refers to the part of the neurons that begin at the dendrites and extend to the axon terminal.
False
True or False:
When the presynaptic cell contacts a muscle cell, the synapse area is called a motor end plate.
True
True or False:
Fast neurons as described in lecture require cytoplasmic signal transduction to open an ion channel.
False
True or False:
Excitatory synapses cause depolarization of the post-synaptic cell.
True
True or False:
The autonomic nervous system contains the sympathetic and the parasympathetic nervous system.
True
Your mom came back from her medical appointment and said that the M.D. told her she had low bone density. What medical problem could this cause and what hormones/endocrine glands in the body are involved?
Osteoporosis; parathyroid
True or False:
Vitamin D causes the parathyroid to inhibit new PTH synthesis.
True
Where do fats in the body play a role in balance between glucose and glycogen?
body wastes away tissue and organ damage
True or False:
Vitamin D is synthesized from cholesterol
True
True or False:
The Parasympathetic Nervous System is triggered to act by exposure to epinephrine.
False
True or False:
When the Sympathetic Nervous System is triggered glycogen is broken down to glucose to provide more energy.
True
True or False:
Insulin is a ligand
True
True or False:
Insulin is produced by alpha cells.
False
True or False:
Vitamin D is really a hormone
True
True or False:
The medulla of the adrenal gland produces epinephrine (i.e, adrenaline).
True
When epinephrine is released it triggers activation of which part of the Autonomic Nervous System?
Sympathetic Nervous System
One of the problems with the increased surface area of the lungs is that the _____ could stick to each other causing the lungs to collapse. To get around this the body secretes _____ into the lungs.
Alveoli, surfactant
The oxygen in the circulatory system functions to bring oxygen to every cell of the body so it can make ATP
True
There is a reserve of oxygen in the muscles held by
Myoglobin
When arterial blood pressure falls the body compensates to raise the blood pressure. Explain this process.
smooth muscle cells in the arteries contract and relax, the resistance to flow changes
True or False:
Blood moves very rapidly in the capillaries
False
True or False:
When the systole occurs the ventricle is contracting.
True
What is the maximum number of molecules of oxygen that can bind to hemoglobin?
4
True or False:
When the diaphragm is relaxed, it allows air to leave the lungs including the residual volume.
False
True or False:
In mammals ventilation is tidal
True
Oxygen is distributed throughout the body by:
The circulatory system
The heart contains two circuits. Name them.
pulmonary and systemic
Once inside the circulatory system ______ is the molecule that binds oxygen.
Hemoglobin
True or False:
The slow flow of blood in the capillaries facilitates the production of bicarbonates in the blood.
True
To prevent back flow of blood in the heart there are ______.
valves
True or False:
Surfactants is one of the later components made in the fetus (prior to birth).
True
True or False:
In capillaries the blood pressure pushes nutrients out of the capillaries towards the cells.
True
True or False:
When the ventricles contract blood is pushed out into the artery and the artery stretches because of its elastic layers allowing the blood to continue to flow into the circulatory system while the ventricle is relaxing.
True
True or False:
The inspiratory and the expiratory reserves make up the total volume in the lungs.
False
True or False:
The blood flow slows down in the capillaries because the increased total area of the capillary is very large.
True
True or False:
The pulmonary artery contains oxygenated blood.
False
True or False:
The two circuits in the heart and the cardiovascular system have the same blood pressure.
False
True or False:
Unlike other epithelia the epithelia that make up the capillaries have holes in them called fenestrations.
True
True or False:
Veins and venueles have valves in them, but arteries and arterioles do not.
True
True or False:
Red blood cells carry CO2 back to the lungs.
False
True or False:
Nutrients and oxygen can leave the arteries and arterioles to reach the cells.
False
True or False:
The partial pressure of oxygen in the lungs causes it to load into the circulatory system.
True
True or False:
The excretory system uses oxygen because oxygen diffuses more rapidly into the excretory system because it contains water in the urine.
False
True or False:
The lungs have increased surface area to increase the movement of oxygen into the circulatory system.
True
True or False:
The atrioventricular node fires after the sinoatrial node.
True
True or False:
Tidal breathing causes the incoming air to mix with some older air in the lungs.
True
The heart pace maker that triggers the two atria to contract is the _______ _______.
sinoatrial node
True or False:
The left ventricle of the heart contains more muscle.
True
True or False:
The slow flow of blood in the capillaries facilitates release of oxygen.
True
True or False:
The medulla of the kidney secretes epinephrine.
False
True or False:
Toxins including urea (in mammals) is driven out of the glomerulus into the Bowman’s capsule.
True
The functional unit of the kidney is the nephron.
True
What happens to the nephron if the blood pressure drops significantly?
Kidney failure
True or False:
The Bowman’s capsule, the proximal convoluted tubule, and the distal convoluted tubule are in the cortex of the kidney.
True
True or False:
In the proximal convoluted tubule useful molecules are collected and brought back into the circulatory system such as glucose and amino acids, but not the toxic materials.
True
The collecting duct of the kidney drains into the _____ and this enters the ______ ______.
ureter, urinary bladder
True or False:
Each kidney contains about one million nephrons.
True
True or False:
Blood pressure drives red blood cells and plasma proteins out of the glomerulus.
False
Give and example of homeostasis in the kidney.
blood pressure
The inter-weaving of the circulatory system with the nephron is essential for the concentration of urea in the urine.
True
True or False:
The kidney gets rid of toxic compounds.
True
True or False:
The kidney controls the water balance in the body.
True
True or False:
Urine leaves the body through the urethra
True
True or False:
The kidney filters about 180 liters of blood per day.
True
True or False:
Blood pressure is the force that drives molecules out of the glomerulus into the Bowman’s capsule.
True
True or False:
The Bowman capsule is the beginning of the nephron.
True
True or False:
Efferent arterioles enter the Bowman’s capsule and afferent arterioles leave the Bowman’s capsule.
False
