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AP Psychology > Modules 10-12 Vocab > Flashcards

Modules 10-12 Vocab Flashcards

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1
Q

The body’s speedy, electrochemical communication network, consisting of all the nerve cells of the peripheral and central nervous systems

A

Nervous System

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2
Q

The brain and spinal cord

A

Central Nervous System (CNS)

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3
Q

The sensory and motor neurons that connect the central nervous system to the rest of the body

A

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

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4
Q

Bundled axons that form neural “cables” connecting the nervous system with muscles, glands, and sense organs

A

Nerves

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5
Q

Neurons that carry incoming information from the sensory receptors to the brain and spinal cord

A

Sensory (afferent) neurons

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6
Q

Neurons that carry outgoing information from the brain and spinal cord to the muscles and glands

A

Motor (efferent) neurons

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7
Q

Neurons within the brain and spinal cord that communicate internally and intervene between the sensory inputs and motor outputs

A

Interneurons

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8
Q

The division of the peripheral nervous system that controls the body’s skeletal muscles

A

Somatic Nervous System (Skeletal Nervous System)

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9
Q

The part of the peripheral nervous system that controls the glands and the muscles of the internal organs. Sympathetic division-arouses; Parasympathetic division- calms

A

Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)

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10
Q

The division of the autonomic nervous system that arouses the body, mobilizing its energy in stressful situations

A

Sympathetic Nervous System

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11
Q

The division of the autonomic nervous system that calms the body, conserving its energy

A

Parasympathetic Nervous System

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12
Q

A simple, automatic response to a sensory stimulus, such as the knee-jerk response

A

Reflex

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13
Q

The body’s “slow” chemical communication system; a set of glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream

A

Endocrine System

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14
Q

Chemical messengers that are manufactured by the endocrine glands travel through the bloodstream and affect other tissues

A

Hormones

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15
Q

A pair of endocrine glands that a sit just above the kidneys and secrete hormones (epinephrine and nonepinephrine) that help arouse the body in times of stress

A

Adrenal Glands

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16
Q

The endocrine system’s most influential gland. Under the influence of the hypothalamus, the pituitary regulates growth and controls other endocrine glands

A

Pituitary Gland

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17
Q

Tissue destruction. In the brain it is naturally or experimentally caused destruction of brain tissue

A

Lesion

18
Q

An amplified recording of the waves of electrical activity sweeping across the brain’s surface. These waves are measured by electrodes placed on the scalp

A

Electroencephalogram (EEG)

19
Q

A series of X-ray photographs taken from different angles and combined by computer into a composite representation of a slice of the brain’s structure

A

CT (computed tomography) Scan

20
Q

A visual display of brain activity that detects where a radioactive form of glucose goes while the brain performs a given task

A

PET (positron emission tomography) Scan

21
Q

A technique that uses magnetic fields and radio waves to produce computer-generated images of soft tissue, shows brain anatomy

A

MRI (magnetic resonance imaging)

22
Q

A technique for revealing blood-flow and, therefore, brain activity by comparing successive MRI scans. These scans show brain function as well as its structure

A

fMRI (functional MRI)

23
Q

The oldest part and central core of the brain, beginning where the spinal cord swells as it enters the skull; it is responsible for automatic survival functions

A

Brainstem

24
Q

The base of the brainstem; controls heartbeat and breathing

A

Medulla

25
Q

The brain’s sensory control center; located on top of the brainstem; it directs messages to the sensory receiving areas in the cortex and transmits replies to the cerebellum and medulla

A

Thalamus

26
Q

A nerve network that travels through the brainstem and thalamus and plays an important role in controlling arousal

A

Reticular Formation

27
Q

The “little brain” at the rear of the brainstem; functions include processing sensory input, coordinating movement output and balance, and enabling nonverbal learning and memory

A

Cerebellum

28
Q

Neural system (includes hippocampus, amygdala, and hypothalamus) located below the cerebral hemispheres; associated with emotions and drives

A

Limbic system

29
Q

Two lima-bean sized neural clusters in the limbic system; linked to emotion

A

Amygdala

30
Q

A neural structure lying below the thalamus; it directs several maintenance activities (eating, drinking, body temp), helps govern the endocrine system via the pituitary gland, and is linked to emotion and reward

A

Hypothalamus

31
Q

The intricate fabric of interconnected neural cells covering the cerebral hemispheres; the body’s ultimate control and information-processing center

A

Cerebral Cortex

32
Q

Cells in the nervous system that support, nourish, and protect neurons; they may also play a role in learning and thinking

A

Glial Cells

33
Q

Portion of the cerebral cortex lying just behind the forehead; involved in speaking and muscle movements and in making plans and judgments

A

Frontal Lobe

34
Q

Portion of the cerebral cortex lying at the top of the head and toward the rear; receives sensory input for touch and body position

A

Parietal Lobe

35
Q

Portion of the cerebral cortex lying at the back of the head; includes areas that receive information from visual fields

A

Occipital Lobe

36
Q

Portion of the cerebral cortex lying roughly above the ears; includes the auditory areas, each receiving information primarily from the opposite ear

A

Temporal Lobe

37
Q

An area at the rear of the frontal lobes that control voluntary movements

A

Motor Cortex

38
Q

Area at the front of the parietal lobes that registers and processes body touch and movement sensations

A

Somatosensory Cortex

39
Q

Areas of the cerebral cortex that are not involved in primary motor or sensory functions; rather, they are involved in higher mental functions such as learning, remembering, thinking, and speaking

A

Association Areas

40
Q

The brain’s ability to change, especially during childhood, by reorganizing after damage or by building new pathways based on experience

A

Plasticity

41
Q

The formation of new neurons

A

Neurogenesis

42
Q

Brain’s oldest system to newest in order

A

Brainstem - Thalamus -Reticular Formation- Cerebellum - Limbic System (Amygdala and Hypothalamus)

AP Psychology (8 decks)

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