Modules 1 & 2 Flashcards
This deck of cards cover modules 1 and 2 of Anatomy and Physiology.
It studies the structure of body parts and their relationships to one another.
Anatomy
It studies the function of the body, how the body parts work, and carry out their life-sustaining activities.
Physiology
What are the 3 branches of Physiology?
Renal, Neurophysiology, and Cardiovascular
It forms the external body covering and protects deeper tissues from injury.
Integumentary System
It protects and supports body organs, and provides a framework the muscles use to cause movement.
Skeletal System
It allows manipulation of the environment, locomotion, and facial expression.
Muscular System
It responds to internal and external changes by activating appropriate muscles and glands.
Nervous System
It regulates processes such as growth, reproduction, and nutrient use (metabolism) by body cells.
Endocrine System
It is where blood vessels transport blood, which carries oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, wastes, etc.
Cardiovascular System
It picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels and returns it to the blood.
Lymphatic System
It keeps blood constantly supplied with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide.
Respiratory System
It is responsible for breaking down food into absorbable units that enters the blood for distribution to body cells.
Digestive System
It is responsible for eliminating nitrogenous waste from the body.
Urinary System
The reproductive system that produce sperms and male sex hormones.
Male Reproductive System
The reproductive system that produce eggs and female sex hormones.
Female Reproductive System
It is the set of metabolic pathways that breaks down molecules into smaller units that are either oxidized to release energy or used in other anabolic reactions.
Catabolism
It is the set of metabolic pathways that construct molecules from smaller units. These reactions require energy, also known as an endergonic process.
Anabolism
What are the 5 most important survival needs?
Nutrients, Oxygen, Water, Normal Body Temperature, and Atmospheric Pressure
It is the ability of the body to maintain relatively stable internal conditions even though the outside world changes constantly.
Homeostasis
An inability of the body to restore a functional, stable internal environment.
Homeostatic Imbalance
It is a concentration measurement in the blood (glucose, cholesterol, electrolytes).
Milligrams/Deciliter (mg/dL)
It is any element or compound equal to its molecular weight in grams.
Mole
It is the study of the chemical composition and reactions of living matter.
Biochemistry
These are compounds that contain carbon and made by living compounds.
Organic Compounds
These are compounds that lack carbon except carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide.
Inorganic Compounds
It is the most abundant and important inorganic compound in living material.
Water
Also called proton donors, these are substances that release hydrogen ions in detectable amounts.
Acids
Also called proton acceptors, these are substances that take up hydrogen ions in detectable amounts.
Bases
It measures the relative concentration of hydrogen ions in various body fluids.
pH
What is the human body’s average pH range?
7.35 to 7.45 or 7.40
What level of pH is below 7.35?
Acidemia
What level of pH is above 7.45
Alkalemia
These are large complex molecules with thousands of atoms.
Macromolecules
An organic compound that includes sugar and starches.
Carbohydrates
An organic compound insoluble in water but dissolve readily in other lipids, alcohol, and ether.
Lipids
It is the basic structure material of the body and plays vital roles in cell function.
Protein
It is the building blocks of protein.
Amino Acid
These are the largest molecules in the body and includes 2 major types.
Nucleic Acids
What are two types of nucleic acids?
Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) & Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)
It is an energy transferring molecule in cells and provides energy immediately usable by all body cells.
Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)
What are the 4 main functions of the plasma membrane?
Physical Barrier, Selective Permeability, Communication, and Cell Recognition
It diffuses directly through the lipid bilayer.
Simple Diffusion
It is either through a) binding to carrier proteins or 2) through water filled channel proteins.
Facilitated Diffusion
It is the diffusion of a solvent through a membrane.
Osmosis
It refers to the ability of a solution to change the shape of cells by altering the cells’ internal water volume.
Tonicity
A type of tonicity that have the same concentrations of non-penetrating solutes as those found in the cells. They retain shape and exhibit no net loss or gain of water.
Isotonic
A type of tonicity that have higher concentration of non-penetrating solutes than seen in the cell. They either lose water, shrivel, or crenate.
Hypertonic
A type of tonicity that is more dilute than cells.
Hypotonic
It requires transport proteins that combine specifically and reversibly with the transported substances.
Active Transport
Also termed as voltage, are electrical potential energy resulting from the separation of oppositely particles.
Membrane Potential
A membrane potential that ranges from (-)50 - (-) 90 mV.
Resting Membrane Potential
It drives the extracellular concentration.
Sodium
These are cell surface proteins that mediate the interaction between cells, or between cells and the extracellular matrix (ECM).
Cell Adhesion Molecules (CAMs)
A type of signaling in which cells come together, touch, and recognize one another. It is useful in development and immunity.
Contact Signaling
A type of signaling in which a ligand (chemical messenger) binds a specific receptor and initiates a response.
Chemical Signaling
It is the cell material between the plasma membrane and the nucleus.
Cytoplasm
It is often call the “powerhouse” of the cell, also responsible for providing ATP supply.
Mitochondria
These are sites of protein synthesis.
Ribosomes
It is the extensive system of interconnected tubes and parallel sacs.
Endoplasmic Reticulum
A type of endoplasmic reticulum studded with ribosomes that manufacture all proteins secreted from cells.
Rough ER
A type of endoplasmic reticulum containing integral proteins called enzymes that catalyze reactions.
Smooth ER
An organelle that modifies, concentrates, and packages the proteins and lipids.
Golgi Apparatus
These are spherical membranous sacs that contain enzymes (numerous in kidneys and livers).
Peroxisomes
These are spherical membranous organelles that contain activated hydrolytic enzymes.
Lysosomes
The system of organelles that work together mainly to produce, degrade, store, and export biological molecules.
Endomembrane System
It is an elaborate network of rods running through the cytosol and hundreds of accessory proteins that link these rods to other cell structures.
Cytoskeleton
It is the control center and contains the instructions to build nearly all the body’s proteins.
Nucleus
A series of changes a cell goes through from the time it is formed until it reproduces.
Cell Cycle
A phase in the cell cycle that covers the period from cell formation to cell division.
Interphase
It begins simultaneously on several chromatin threads and continues until the DNA has been replicated.
DNA Replication
What is the sequence of DNA replication?
1) Uncoiling 2) Separation 3) Assembly 4) Restoration
It is a series of events that parcels out the replicated DNA of the parent cell to 2 daughter cells.
Mitosis
It is the division of the cytoplasm.
Cytokinesis
What are 4 phases of mitosis?
Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, and Telophase
What are 4 nucleotide bases?
Adenine, Cytosine, Guanine, and Thymine
It is a single strand and has 3 forms that act together to carry out DNA’s instructions for polypeptide synthesis.
RNA
What are the 3 forms of RNA?
Messenger, Ribosomal, and Transfer
It programs cell death, and rids the body of cells that are programmed to have a limited life span.
Apoptosis
It sweeps us bits of cytoplasm and organelles into double-membrane vesicles called autophagosomes, then delivered to lysosomes for digestion.
Autophagy
These are group of cells that are similar in structure and perform a common or related function.
Tissues
These are sheet of cells that covers a body surface or lines a body cavity, otherwise called a boundary-forming tissue.
Epithelial Tissue
What are the 5 main characteristics of the epithelium?
Polarity, Specialized Contacts, Supported by Connective Tissues, Avascular but Innervated, and Regeneration
What are 2 classifications of an epithelial tissue?
Simple and Stratified
It consists of one or more cells that make and secrete a particular product.
Gland
The product of a gland that can be aqueous, lipid, or steroid-rich containing proteins.
Secretion
What are 2 classification of glands?
Endocrine and Unicellular
These are gland-producing hormones that enter the blood or lymphatic fluid to specific target organs.
Endocrine
These are glands that secrete their products onto body surface or into body cavities, including the liver, pancreas, salivary glands, etc.
Exocrine
A type of tissue that binds, supports, protects, insulate, store reserve fuel, and transport substances.
Connective Tissue
It is a structural support network made up of diverse proteins, sugars, and other components; also responsible for the physical maintenance of cells.
Extracellular Matrix
What are the 3 structural components?
Ground Substance, Fibers, and Cells
These are well-vascularized tissues that are responsible for most type of body movement.
Muscle Tissue
It is the main component of the nervous system (brain, spinal cord, and nerves) which regulates and controls body functions.
Nervous Tissue
These are high specialized nerve cells that generate and conduct nerve impulses which enables them to 1) respond to stimuli and 2) transmit electrical impulses.
Neurons
These are non-conducting cells that support, insulate, and protect delicate neurons.
Supporting Cells/Glial/Neuroglia
These are continuous multicellular sheets composed of at least 2 primary tissue types.
Membranes
