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N1F - Anatomy and Physiology > Modules 1 & 2 > Flashcards

Modules 1 & 2 Flashcards

This deck of cards cover modules 1 and 2 of Anatomy and Physiology.

1
Q

It studies the structure of body parts and their relationships to one another.

A

Anatomy

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2
Q

It studies the function of the body, how the body parts work, and carry out their life-sustaining activities.

A

Physiology

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3
Q

What are the 3 branches of Physiology?

A

Renal, Neurophysiology, and Cardiovascular

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4
Q

It forms the external body covering and protects deeper tissues from injury.

A

Integumentary System

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5
Q

It protects and supports body organs, and provides a framework the muscles use to cause movement.

A

Skeletal System

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6
Q

It allows manipulation of the environment, locomotion, and facial expression.

A

Muscular System

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7
Q

It responds to internal and external changes by activating appropriate muscles and glands.

A

Nervous System

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8
Q

It regulates processes such as growth, reproduction, and nutrient use (metabolism) by body cells.

A

Endocrine System

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9
Q

It is where blood vessels transport blood, which carries oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, wastes, etc.

A

Cardiovascular System

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10
Q

It picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels and returns it to the blood.

A

Lymphatic System

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11
Q

It keeps blood constantly supplied with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide.

A

Respiratory System

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12
Q

It is responsible for breaking down food into absorbable units that enters the blood for distribution to body cells.

A

Digestive System

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13
Q

It is responsible for eliminating nitrogenous waste from the body.

A

Urinary System

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14
Q

The reproductive system that produce sperms and male sex hormones.

A

Male Reproductive System

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15
Q

The reproductive system that produce eggs and female sex hormones.

A

Female Reproductive System

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16
Q

It is the set of metabolic pathways that breaks down molecules into smaller units that are either oxidized to release energy or used in other anabolic reactions.

A

Catabolism

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17
Q

It is the set of metabolic pathways that construct molecules from smaller units. These reactions require energy, also known as an endergonic process.

A

Anabolism

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18
Q

What are the 5 most important survival needs?

A

Nutrients, Oxygen, Water, Normal Body Temperature, and Atmospheric Pressure

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19
Q

It is the ability of the body to maintain relatively stable internal conditions even though the outside world changes constantly.

A

Homeostasis

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20
Q

An inability of the body to restore a functional, stable internal environment.

A

Homeostatic Imbalance

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21
Q

It is a concentration measurement in the blood (glucose, cholesterol, electrolytes).

A

Milligrams/Deciliter (mg/dL)

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22
Q

It is any element or compound equal to its molecular weight in grams.

A

Mole

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23
Q

It is the study of the chemical composition and reactions of living matter.

A

Biochemistry

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24
Q

These are compounds that contain carbon and made by living compounds.

A

Organic Compounds

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25
Q

These are compounds that lack carbon except carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide.

A

Inorganic Compounds

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26
Q

It is the most abundant and important inorganic compound in living material.

A

Water

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27
Q

Also called proton donors, these are substances that release hydrogen ions in detectable amounts.

A

Acids

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28
Q

Also called proton acceptors, these are substances that take up hydrogen ions in detectable amounts.

A

Bases

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29
Q

It measures the relative concentration of hydrogen ions in various body fluids.

A

pH

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30
Q

What is the human body’s average pH range?

A

7.35 to 7.45 or 7.40

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31
Q

What level of pH is below 7.35?

A

Acidemia

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32
Q

What level of pH is above 7.45

A

Alkalemia

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33
Q

These are large complex molecules with thousands of atoms.

A

Macromolecules

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34
Q

An organic compound that includes sugar and starches.

A

Carbohydrates

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35
Q

An organic compound insoluble in water but dissolve readily in other lipids, alcohol, and ether.

A

Lipids

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36
Q

It is the basic structure material of the body and plays vital roles in cell function.

A

Protein

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37
Q

It is the building blocks of protein.

A

Amino Acid

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38
Q

These are the largest molecules in the body and includes 2 major types.

A

Nucleic Acids

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39
Q

What are two types of nucleic acids?

A

Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) & Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)

40
Q

It is an energy transferring molecule in cells and provides energy immediately usable by all body cells.

A

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

41
Q

What are the 4 main functions of the plasma membrane?

A

Physical Barrier, Selective Permeability, Communication, and Cell Recognition

42
Q

It diffuses directly through the lipid bilayer.

A

Simple Diffusion

43
Q

It is either through a) binding to carrier proteins or 2) through water filled channel proteins.

A

Facilitated Diffusion

44
Q

It is the diffusion of a solvent through a membrane.

A

Osmosis

45
Q

It refers to the ability of a solution to change the shape of cells by altering the cells’ internal water volume.

A

Tonicity

46
Q

A type of tonicity that have the same concentrations of non-penetrating solutes as those found in the cells. They retain shape and exhibit no net loss or gain of water.

A

Isotonic

47
Q

A type of tonicity that have higher concentration of non-penetrating solutes than seen in the cell. They either lose water, shrivel, or crenate.

A

Hypertonic

48
Q

A type of tonicity that is more dilute than cells.

A

Hypotonic

49
Q

It requires transport proteins that combine specifically and reversibly with the transported substances.

A

Active Transport

50
Q

Also termed as voltage, are electrical potential energy resulting from the separation of oppositely particles.

A

Membrane Potential

51
Q

A membrane potential that ranges from (-)50 - (-) 90 mV.

A

Resting Membrane Potential

52
Q

It drives the extracellular concentration.

A

Sodium

53
Q

These are cell surface proteins that mediate the interaction between cells, or between cells and the extracellular matrix (ECM).

A

Cell Adhesion Molecules (CAMs)

54
Q

A type of signaling in which cells come together, touch, and recognize one another. It is useful in development and immunity.

A

Contact Signaling

55
Q

A type of signaling in which a ligand (chemical messenger) binds a specific receptor and initiates a response.

A

Chemical Signaling

56
Q

It is the cell material between the plasma membrane and the nucleus.

A

Cytoplasm

57
Q

It is often call the “powerhouse” of the cell, also responsible for providing ATP supply.

A

Mitochondria

58
Q

These are sites of protein synthesis.

A

Ribosomes

59
Q

It is the extensive system of interconnected tubes and parallel sacs.

A

Endoplasmic Reticulum

60
Q

A type of endoplasmic reticulum studded with ribosomes that manufacture all proteins secreted from cells.

A

Rough ER

61
Q

A type of endoplasmic reticulum containing integral proteins called enzymes that catalyze reactions.

A

Smooth ER

62
Q

An organelle that modifies, concentrates, and packages the proteins and lipids.

A

Golgi Apparatus

63
Q

These are spherical membranous sacs that contain enzymes (numerous in kidneys and livers).

A

Peroxisomes

64
Q

These are spherical membranous organelles that contain activated hydrolytic enzymes.

A

Lysosomes

65
Q

The system of organelles that work together mainly to produce, degrade, store, and export biological molecules.

A

Endomembrane System

66
Q

It is an elaborate network of rods running through the cytosol and hundreds of accessory proteins that link these rods to other cell structures.

A

Cytoskeleton

67
Q

It is the control center and contains the instructions to build nearly all the body’s proteins.

A

Nucleus

68
Q

A series of changes a cell goes through from the time it is formed until it reproduces.

A

Cell Cycle

69
Q

A phase in the cell cycle that covers the period from cell formation to cell division.

A

Interphase

70
Q

It begins simultaneously on several chromatin threads and continues until the DNA has been replicated.

A

DNA Replication

71
Q

What is the sequence of DNA replication?

A

1) Uncoiling 2) Separation 3) Assembly 4) Restoration

72
Q

It is a series of events that parcels out the replicated DNA of the parent cell to 2 daughter cells.

A

Mitosis

73
Q

It is the division of the cytoplasm.

A

Cytokinesis

73
Q

What are 4 phases of mitosis?

A

Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, and Telophase

74
Q

What are 4 nucleotide bases?

A

Adenine, Cytosine, Guanine, and Thymine

75
Q

It is a single strand and has 3 forms that act together to carry out DNA’s instructions for polypeptide synthesis.

A

RNA

76
Q

What are the 3 forms of RNA?

A

Messenger, Ribosomal, and Transfer

76
Q

It programs cell death, and rids the body of cells that are programmed to have a limited life span.

A

Apoptosis

76
Q

It sweeps us bits of cytoplasm and organelles into double-membrane vesicles called autophagosomes, then delivered to lysosomes for digestion.

A

Autophagy

77
Q

These are group of cells that are similar in structure and perform a common or related function.

A

Tissues

78
Q

These are sheet of cells that covers a body surface or lines a body cavity, otherwise called a boundary-forming tissue.

A

Epithelial Tissue

78
Q

What are the 5 main characteristics of the epithelium?

A

Polarity, Specialized Contacts, Supported by Connective Tissues, Avascular but Innervated, and Regeneration

79
Q

What are 2 classifications of an epithelial tissue?

A

Simple and Stratified

80
Q

It consists of one or more cells that make and secrete a particular product.

A

Gland

81
Q

The product of a gland that can be aqueous, lipid, or steroid-rich containing proteins.

A

Secretion

82
Q

What are 2 classification of glands?

A

Endocrine and Unicellular

83
Q

These are gland-producing hormones that enter the blood or lymphatic fluid to specific target organs.

A

Endocrine

84
Q

These are glands that secrete their products onto body surface or into body cavities, including the liver, pancreas, salivary glands, etc.

A

Exocrine

85
Q

A type of tissue that binds, supports, protects, insulate, store reserve fuel, and transport substances.

A

Connective Tissue

86
Q

It is a structural support network made up of diverse proteins, sugars, and other components; also responsible for the physical maintenance of cells.

A

Extracellular Matrix

87
Q

What are the 3 structural components?

A

Ground Substance, Fibers, and Cells

88
Q

These are well-vascularized tissues that are responsible for most type of body movement.

A

Muscle Tissue

89
Q

It is the main component of the nervous system (brain, spinal cord, and nerves) which regulates and controls body functions.

A

Nervous Tissue

90
Q

These are high specialized nerve cells that generate and conduct nerve impulses which enables them to 1) respond to stimuli and 2) transmit electrical impulses.

A

Neurons

91
Q

These are non-conducting cells that support, insulate, and protect delicate neurons.

A

Supporting Cells/Glial/Neuroglia

92
Q

These are continuous multicellular sheets composed of at least 2 primary tissue types.

A

Membranes

N1F - Anatomy and Physiology (2 decks)

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