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Epidemiology > Module1 - Midterm > Flashcards

Module1 - Midterm Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 6 core functions of Epidemiology?

A

Field Investigation
Analytic studies
Public Health Surveillance
Policy Development
Linkages
Evaluation

(F**k APPLE)

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2
Q

______ is intergral to determining disease burden

A

public health surveillance

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3
Q

______ is needed to identify the cause of disease

A

Field investigation

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4
Q

______ helps examine the natural history and prognosis of disease as well as the cause of disease

A

Analytic studies

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5
Q

Evaluation is a core function of epidemiology that’s used as ____________ as well as __________

A

an evaluation of therapeutic; non-pharmaceutical public health measures

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6
Q

Evaluation is a core function of epidemiology that includes _____.

A

policy development, disease control, and healthcare regulations and policies

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7
Q

_____ is one of the core functions of epidemiology, which includes associated with different professional disciplines other than epidemiology such as behavioral and environmental health, and PCP providers

A

Linkages

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8
Q

The two levels (approaches) of epidemiological studies are: ____, which investigates different levels of associations, and _____ at the population and patient level.

A

causation; intervention

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9
Q

The study of epidemiology and clinical practice integrate at the level of ____.

A

intervention

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10
Q

Intervention focused research studies and guidelines help with:

A
  1. Prognosis: Narrows down possible cause of illness
  2. Diagnosis: of specific cause of illness
  3. Therapies: that are best for specific patient and illness
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11
Q

clinicians utilized epidemiology to ultimately provide patient level ____ and these are concentrated in that areas of ____, ____, and ____.

A

interventions;

prognosis, diagnosis, and therapy

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12
Q

The natural history of disease is the:

A

natural progression of what happens after a susceptible person (one who is capable of getting the disease) is exposed

then has biological changes which then many lead to clinical disease then recovery, disability, or death

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13
Q

Non-clinical phase (definition, subdivision, periods)

A

Definition: (inapparent disease) phase of infection - no signs of sx

Subdivision: Includes pre and subclinical phases
*Pre: no signs of sx yet (pre-symptomatic)
*sub: no signs or sx and never will show (asymptomatic)

Period: time period from exposure to onset of sx
*Latency period: for chronic diseases
*Incubation period: for acute

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14
Q

Clinical Phase (What is it, when does it occur, what happens after)

A

Definition: signs and sx present

When: 4-7 days after exposure

After: person either recovers, dies, or develops some kind of disability

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15
Q

public health surveillance is integral to ____

A

determining disease burden

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16
Q

field investigation is needed to ____

A

identify the cause of disease

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17
Q

Analytic studies help examine ___ as well as ___

A

the natural history and prognosis of disease; the cause of disease

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18
Q

____ is a core function of epidemiology that’s used as an evaluation of therapeutic as well as non-pharmaceutical of public health measures

A

Evaluation

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19
Q

The natural history of disease applies to ____ disease

A

infectious and noninfectious

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20
Q

4 levels of Prevention

A

Health promotion
Primary
Secondary
Tertiary

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21
Q

Health Promotion: (Aim to do?, Benefits?, Includes?)

A

aims to maintain health and well being of whole population

Benefits: cheap and non-invasive

Includes: environmental and structural interventions by gov. and societal policies

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22
Q

The two approaches to prevention are ___ and ___ approach

A

population based; high risk

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23
Q

Prevention measures for high risk populations are targeted because ___, so they’re not ____.

A

they are more expensive and invasive;

not justifiable to use on the population as a whole

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24
Q

population based interventions, also know as, health promotion, are applied to _____

A

the whole population

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25
Q

The purpose of population based intervention?

A

maintain the health and well-being of the entire population

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26
Q

population based interventions include measures like?

A

education focused on smoking awareness, exercise, diet.

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27
Q

When using Primary prevention strategies, the population has a status of ___. and a goal of _____

A

1+ risk factors; preventing development of diseases

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28
Q

When using secondary prevention strategies the population has a status of ___, and a goal of ____.

A

limited disease (biological changes have occurred), preventing disease progression or recurrence

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29
Q

When using ____ strategies, the population has a status of symptomatic or advanced disease, and a goal of reaching complications, preventing disability and/or death, providing rehab

A

Tertiary prevention

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30
Q

Primary Prevention:
Goal; level; lead to; forms of;

A

Goal: Identify and target High risk people before they develop disease

Level: Prevention at individual level

Lead to: reduced incidence of disease/disability

Forms of: testing/immunization

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31
Q

What is Secondary Prevention?

A

asymptomatic but biological changes have begun

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32
Q

What phase does secondary prevention occur?

A

pre-clinical

33
Q

Secondary prevention is detected via?

A

screening

34
Q

goal of secondary prevention?

A

reduce consequences of disease by prevention progression. At times doesn’t lead to decrease in disease, but detects and earlier treatable stage

35
Q

Tertiary Prevention

A

Prevent disability/death (reduce progression) in those with disease and sx (clinical phase)

36
Q

Transmission?

A

manner in which a microorganism leaves its natural reservoir and is transmitted or passed to a susceptible host

37
Q

Natural Reservoir?

A

place where microorganisms. normally lives, grows and multiplies

38
Q

Susceptible host

A

a person or that can get infected due to their specific level of immunity or other factors such as having a cut which puts them at greater risk for not being able to resist infection.

39
Q

The two primary modes of transmission are direct which includes ___ and indirect, which includes ___.

A

contact of projections (droplets); vehicle, vector, air borne

40
Q

Direct transmission includes ___ such as skin to skin, kissing, sex, and projections

A

contact

41
Q

Vehicle borne?

A

when microorganism is transmitted from one person to another via food, inanimate objects, etc.

42
Q

vector borne?

A

transmission includes mechanical (something mechanically carries the organism) and biological vectors (bugs or insects)

43
Q

airborne transmission?

A

very small droplet nuclei that can remain sustained in the air for prolonger periods of time (hours); indirect form of transmission

44
Q

Infectious agents are described by ___ (3)

A

infectivity, pathogenicity, and virulence

45
Q

The components that are required for transmission and subsequent disease in a population are:

A

agent (microbe)
environment
susceptible host

46
Q

Infectivity

A

Characteristics of infectious agent that influence its ability enter, survive, and develop in a host (person or animal)

47
Q

Pathogenicity?

A

ability of infectious agent to cause changes in our bodies or the way they function.

Signs and sx

48
Q

____ refers to the manner in which a microorganism leaves its natural reservoir and is transmitted or passed to a susceptible host

A

Transmission

49
Q

____ includes contact such as skin to skin, kissing, sex, and projections

A

Direct transmission

50
Q

____ is when microorganism is transmitted from one person to another via food, inanimate objects, etc.

A

Vehicle borne

51
Q

Virulence

A

characteristics that allow an infectious agent to cause severe disease or death

52
Q

Epidemic

A

increase, often sudden, in the number of cases of a disease what is normally expected in that population in that area

53
Q

Outbreak

A

same as epidemic (increase in # cases of disease in area)

used for far more limited geographic area

54
Q

Cluster

A

aggregation of cases grouped in place and time

that are suspected to be greater than the number expected, even though the expected number may not be known

55
Q

Endemic

A

constant presence of disease in a population and geographic region (baseline)

persistently high = hyper endemic (increase in the baseline)

56
Q

Pandemic

A

epidemic spread over several countries or continents

affecting large number of people

endemic that has crossed borders

57
Q

An outbreak can be considered “over” typically after ___

A

2 incubation periods from the day of onset of the last case

58
Q

____ is the distribution of an outbreak’s cases over time

A

Time trend

59
Q

____ is a graph of time (X) and number of cases (Y)

A

Epidemic curve

60
Q

Epidemic curves can show us:

A
  1. general sense of outbreak’s magnitude
  2. inference about outbreak’s pattern of spread
  3. most likely time period of exposure
61
Q

Patterns of epidemic curve - common source

A

originates from a single source; further divided into point, continuous, intermittent

62
Q

Patterns of epidemic curve - propagated

A

propagated from one person to another (contagious)

time between peaks is ~1 incubation period

63
Q

1st step of an outbreak investigation

A

Establish existence –> make sure not dealing with pseudo-outbreak

64
Q

2nd step of outbreak investigation

A

Confirm dx –> need to know organism to begin to control it

65
Q

3rd step of outbreak investigation

A

Prepare to Investigation/field work (Identify investigation team) –> want team/resources that will be good for investigation

66
Q

4th step of outbreak investigation

A

create case definition –> who are going to be your case patients? should include elements of place, person, and time

67
Q

5th step of outbreak investigation

A

Find cases (systematically) –> put out info to cast a wide net to find cases

68
Q

6th step of outbreak investigation

A

develop hypothesis (perform studies) –> put together time list, conduct interviews to develop

69
Q

7th step of outbreak investigation

A

evaluate hypothesis –> perform descriptive/analytic studies

70
Q

8th step of outbreak investigation

A

implement control measure –> use case control studies to see if associations outside of disease

71
Q

9th step of outbreak investigation

A

Communication findings –> inform appropriate organizations, gov agencies (internal and external communication)

72
Q

10th step of outbreak investigation

A

Maintain surveillance –> keep track, to note if increase in cases

73
Q

Reasons for outbreak investigations

A

Control/Prevention
Research/Training opportunities
Address public, political, and legal concern

74
Q

____ and ___ integrate at the level of intervention

A

study of epidemiology; clinical practice

75
Q

the ____ phase is also known as inapparent disease

A

non-clinical

76
Q

there are always caveats to outbreaks including:

A

they are not linear and some steps may not always be applicable

77
Q

Examples of primary prevention

A

smoking cessation programs, weight loss programs, population based genetic testing

78
Q

Examples of Secondary Prevention

A

breast cancer screening

BP screening

pap-smear

79
Q

disease is usually diagnosed at the ____ phase

A

clinical

Epidemiology (5 decks)

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