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PSYC203 > Module two - disorders of adulthood > Flashcards

Module two - disorders of adulthood Flashcards

1
Q

aberrant

A

departing from an accepted standard

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2
Q

paraphilia

A

condition characterised by abnormal sexual desire

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3
Q

fetish epidemiology

A

onset is early, nearly all males, 65% have more than one fetish object, little chance of spontaneous remission.

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4
Q

what do behavioural accounts explain

A

behaviour - not diagnosis.

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5
Q

classical conditioning based intervention to fetishes

A

aversion therapy - counter conditioning.

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6
Q

classical conditioning limitations with fetishes

A

lack of generalisations, individual differences, non-uniform distribution of fetish objects, elimination of problem not sufficient as many have multiple fetishes.

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7
Q

operant conditioning intervention with fetishes

A

masturbatory satiation, verbal satiation, orgasmic reconditioning.

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8
Q

when do diagnostic definitions of change

A

for social, cultural or ideological reasons in psychopathology

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9
Q

aetiology

A

explanation is more powerful than description and involves consideration of the underlying causal mechanisms.

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10
Q

what does explanation have direct implications on

A

assessment and treatment.

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11
Q

learning is not….

A

aberrant (the behaviour that is learned is undesirable not learning itself)

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12
Q

features of depression

A

affect, no motivation, negative self opinion, reduced activity, fatigue, weight change.

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13
Q

psychoanalytic theory

A

attributed to freud, made up of three components (ID, superego, ego)

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14
Q

superego

A

moral principle and values

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15
Q

ego

A

balanced tension between super and ID.

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16
Q

ID

A

things we get pleasure from, driving individual towards gaining pleasure

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17
Q

where are psychopathologies

A

beneath the surface which creates a problem for people trying to fix their problems.

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18
Q

correspondence between grief and depression

A

depressed as a response to loss of a loved one - symbol loss where there is a part of the self that also becomes lost.

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19
Q

introjection

A

integration of identifies of self with loves lost ones (part of the lost one becomes part of you).

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20
Q

regression

A

reverse back to the oral stage of development - a point of dependence.

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21
Q

limitations of psychoanalytic account

A

they ascribe purpose to symptoms, they defy validation, not disorder specific, may explain limited aspects of disorder

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22
Q

the cognitive triad

A

patients hold a negative view of the self, the world, the future.

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23
Q

idiosyncratic

A

a mode of behaviour or way of thought peculiar to an individual

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24
Q

logical errors in reasoning with depression

A

just to conclusion, take note of only the positive, draw sweeping conclusions, thinking in all or none terms.

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25
Q

cognitive schema

A

organised cognitive representations of prior experience that facilitate information processing

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26
Q

strengths of the cognitive model

A

does not provide direction, does not explain diversity, individual differences, sensitisation to stressors over time, normal and abnormal differences.

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27
Q

criterion keyed

A

based on a criterion such as the statistical property of the item

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28
Q

reliability

A

the replicability of a score

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29
Q

ways of testing reliability

A

alternate form, split half, internal consistency, test-retest reliability, inter-weed

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30
Q

validity

A

the meaningfulness of a score

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31
Q

measures of validity

A

concurrent validity, predictive validity, content validity, face validity.

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32
Q

why is psychometrics important

A

we cannot understand abnormal psychology without understanding the psychometrics.

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33
Q

relationship between reliability and validity

A

without reliability, it is impossible to demonstrate validity, both are essential characteristics of a useful psychiatric test.

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34
Q

why do we study personality

A

it informs the likelihood of distress, hints at the form of distress, personality itself may be considered a disorder.

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35
Q

how do personality and mental disorders relate

A

we can use personality to predict mental disorder or vice versa which can help our research.

36
Q

personality disorder

A

enduring pattern of inner experience and behaviour, deviating from exceptions of an individuals culture and is manifested over one of two (cognition, affect, interpersonal function, impulse control) is inflexible, leads to impairment, stable and long duration.

37
Q

continuous and discontinuous constructs

A

continuous = dimensions, continuum all carry some risk

discontinuous = category, some at risk some not.

38
Q

diathesis is dimensional theory

A

we have three dimensions everyone fits into (extraversion/introversion, neuroticism, and psychoticism).

39
Q

psychoticism

A

aggressive, cold, egocentric, impersonal, impulsive, antisocial, umempathetic, creative, though minded.

40
Q

schizotaxia as an inherited discontinuous diathesis theory

A

is a necessary but not sufficient precondition for schizophrenia. there is a normal continuum and a schizotypy continuum.

41
Q

how do we know if a construct is dimensional or not

A

by looking at the way variation in the construct occurs across a population.

42
Q

throughout history personality has bee linked with psychopathology…

A
  • descriptively
  • as a liability state
  • as a pathology in itself.
43
Q

is normality, personality and psychopathology thought of as continuous or discontinuous

A

continuous (like a dimension)

44
Q

models that fit with continuity

A

worry, distress features of depression, borderline personality disorder

45
Q

models that fit with discontinuity

A

bulimia, schizophrenia proneness and vegetative features of depression.

46
Q

variance of expressions of suicide

A

thoughts, communication, behaviour.

47
Q

suicide states

A 
685 (2019) 
73% male 
Maori rates much higher 
female self harm more 
high compared to other countries.
48
Q

challenges for suicide studies

A

low rates, study criteria exclude suicidal patients, psychological assessment is not possible when someone has died, very few affective treatments.

49
Q

risk factors for adolescents

A

mental health, physical health, sexual experiences, family, education, peer relations.

50
Q

poor predictors of suicide

A

clinical judgment and self-report.

51
Q

what do univariate studies show

A

people who attempt suicide report higher rates of negative stressful life events, cognitive rigidity, can’t think divergently, hopelessness.

52
Q

what is a good predictor of suicide intent

A

hopelessness - better predictor than depression.

53
Q

impersonal theory of suicide

A

thwarted belonging, perceived burdensomeness, acquired capability for suicide.

54
Q

three step theory of suicide

A

pain + hopelessness, connectedness, capability for suicide.

55
Q

predicting suicide

A

many things predict suicide but prediction does not imply cause. some risk factors may be consequences of disorder.

56
Q

treatments that work

A

contacting people, getting help, protecting autonomy.

57
Q

what do anxiety and fear involve?

A

interpersonal, behavioural, subjective and physiological expressions.

58
Q

difference between fear and anxiety

A

fear is not a known threat, anxiety is about a future undetermined threat.

59
Q

what do we need to do to understand dysfunction?

A

consider all process mechanisms (levels of description), distinguish process from cause (explanation).

60
Q

reductionist explanations

A

lower levels causes - not inherently better than higher level ones.

61
Q

chemical imbalance

A

this theory is a myth and entrenched reductionist idea.

62
Q

can one theory explain a disorder

A

no, it is too difficult to explain the full variety of what is seen in a disorder with one theory.

63
Q

which features are important in an explanatory framework

A

not all of them are but select features can be very important.

64
Q

experimental pathology

A

concerned with understanding cognitive information processing using experimental paradigms.

65
Q

schizophrenia

A

complex set of heterogenous features, formal thought disorder seen as a central sign.

66
Q

formal thought disorder

A

measured through speech, key sign of schizophrenia, linked to disrupted activation in the semantic network.

67
Q

positive and negative symptoms

A

things that are now there that wouldn’t normally be vs. things disappeared that would normally be there.

68
Q

a theory of FTD

A

impaired inhibitory mechanism the semantic network result in intrusions of activated associations into speech.

69
Q

with schizophrenia activation in semantic memory

A

spreads more quickly and spreads more diffusely (greater when FTD is a symptom)

70
Q

functional analysis of a disorder

A

antecedents (what comes before the behaviour and what may cause it)

behaviour (what we see that characterise what might be changeable in a person)

consequences (distress the behaviour causes)

71
Q

genetic factors in disorders

A

can be a cause and be present however we can still use environmental/behavioural changes to lessen symptoms.

72
Q

contemporary clinical psychological framework

A

applying the scientific method: hypothesising and testing treatment and revising if the treatment didn’t work. tailored to individual cases.

73
Q

medication and schizophrenia

A

often used but not well tolerated.

74
Q

what can lessen the impact of psychosis on functioning

A

cognitive and behavioural interventions.

75
Q

features of mania

A

euphoric or irritable, inflated self-esteem, decreased need for sleep, racing thoughts, flight of ideas, distractible, excessive engagement in high risk activities.

76
Q

bipolar disorder

A

bipolar disorder is characterised by episodes of psychological disfunction of mania and depression.

77
Q

bipolar 1 disorder

A

mania, depression, and hypomania.

78
Q

bipolar 2 disorder

A

hypomania and depression

79
Q

course of bipolar

A

mania occurs before or after depression with no gap in between, high rates of reoccurrence, duration of wellness decreases with time, common onset is early 20s.

80
Q

how are stressors relevant to bipolar

A

stressor events are related to severity, frequency and time taken to recover from bipolar.

81
Q

Post’s two idea

A

kindling (stimulation that is insufficient to produce behavioural effects produced intermittently can lead to development of those effects ) and sensitisation (increasing behavioural responses to intermittent stimuli.

82
Q

Post’s four observations (bipolar)

A

recurrence of episodes is the norm, frequency of reoccurrence increases with time, new symptoms add to old ones, later episodes are more severe and have a more acute onset.

83
Q

four components of Post’s theory

A

real loss, real reaction, mechanism leading to increasing recurrence, mechanism leading to emergence of manic behaviour.

84
Q

what role does the environment play in development of mental disorders

A

a big one affecting the likelihood of a disorder occurring, the course of the disorder and the severity. We may or may not notice the impact of us.

85
Q

what is the link between environment and psychopathology

A

not in the past, or fixes, fluid and changing and universal.

86
Q

what also plays a critical receiver role when talking about stressors

A

personal characteristics both biological and psychological and stress sensitivity.

PSYC203 (3 decks)

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