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module two Flashcards

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1
Q

what is determinants of health

A

factors that directly and indirectly affect the way someone lives e.g. social, economic factors

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2
Q

what are some of the social determinants of health within populations

A
  • housing, transportation and neighbours
  • racism, discrimination and violence
  • education, job opportunities and income
  • access to nutritious foods and physical activity opportunities
  • polluted air and water
  • language and literacy skills
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3
Q

what are social determinants of health

A

the economic, social and cultural factors that directly and indirectly influence individual and population health

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4
Q

what is social structure

A

socially constructed ways of interacting with groups and institutions in society

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5
Q

what is social stratification

A

hierarchical ranking of societal groups in which resources are distributed unevenly

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6
Q

what is class

A

the position an individual holds in the stratification system

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7
Q

what are life chances

A

a concept introduced by max weber, the opportunities people have to realise their goals

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8
Q

what is capitalism

A

Capitalism is a system of economic production whereby business owners (capitalists) acquire the means of production (capital) and hire workers who get paid for their labor.

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9
Q

how does capitalism lead to the social stratification of populations within societies

A

because capitalists earn more income and therefore can afford better and more health care than others which makes them higher up on the social gradient and causes social stratification

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10
Q

what is the biomedical model definition of health

A

absence of disease

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11
Q

forms of disadvantages on the social gradient

A
  • few family assets
  • poor housing
  • insecure employment
  • inadequate income
  • difficult family circumstances
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12
Q

what is ideology

A

the beliefs and values that relate to the way in which society should be organised

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13
Q

what is socialism

A

a political ideology, core belief in the creation of societies in which private property and wealth accumulation are related by state ownership and distribution of economic resources

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14
Q

describe how capitalism has become a global phenomenon

A

it has accelerated since the 18th century due to advances in transportation and communication technology

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15
Q

what is the impact of economic systems on health care

A

citizens of countries with higher average incomes tend to live longer and have better health. Infant and child mortality is lower in these places. They have better nutrition, better public health infrastructures and more effective medical technology.

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16
Q

what is commodification of healthcare

A

treating healthcare care as a commodity to be bought and sold for profit

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17
Q

Adam smith

A

came up with the ideology of capitalism

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18
Q

what is extreme poverty

A

living on an income of less that $1.90 per day. about 10% of the worlds population

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19
Q

absolute poverty

A

an income that makes it impossible for the person or family to meet basic needs of life like food, shelter, safe drinking water, education and health

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20
Q

relative income

A

a household earning less than 50% of the median income. lacking the resources to participate in normal living patterns, customs and activities of the wider society.

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21
Q

who experiences poverty?

A

women- the ‘feminism of poverty’ they have higher rates than men
children- account for 44% of the global extreme poor
people with disability- are 2 and a half times

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22
Q

what is the child poverty reduction act 2018

A

enacted to reduce child poverty in NZ. to have an annual report on children living in households who fall into categories of material hardship, severe material hardship ad low income and material hardship

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23
Q

health impact of poverty

A

increases the chance of illness due to poor nutrition, overcrowding, lack of clean water, inadequate housing, environmental hazards.

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24
Q

what are some social and personal impacts of poverty

A

stigma and shame, powerlessness, discrimination, loss of self esteem, alienation, generational poverty

25
Q

what is socialism

A

the creation of societies in which private property and wealth accumulation are related by state ownership and distribution of economic resources

26
Q

marxist capitalism; alienation

A
  • workers are alienated from the product of their labour.

- they are just thought of as an extension on a machine

27
Q

marxist capitalism; exploitation

A
  • the owners of the industry make a large profit, and the workers do not
  • workers are exploited for the owners profit
28
Q

marxist capitalism; division

A
  • bourgeoisie- the owners of the means of production

- proletariat- the working class

29
Q

marxist capitalism; labour power and surplus value

A

labour power- the worker gets a ‘fair’ wage, but the owner reaps the profit
- surplus value- capitalist profit which rises in direct proportion to the fall in workers wages and vice versa

30
Q

what are capitalist ideologies

A
  • working for a wage is the normal situation in life

- skilled work is worth more than unskilled work

31
Q

what are political and economic ideology

A
  • what impact does this have on health system design?

- commodification of healthcare

32
Q

what is the development of the biomedical model of health

A
  • developed during the age of enlightenment in the 18th century.
  • industrial revolution, western philosophy, germ theory and the microscope also developed then.
  • lead to the positive view of science which could prove and disapprove what causes illness
33
Q

what is the development of the social model of health

A
  • it emerged as the social model of disability
  • between 1970s-1980s
  • developed from some members of the community who were not receiving the same level of health care
  • during this time there was a lack of employment which created divides and unequal health care
34
Q

what are underlying assumptions of the biomedical and social models of health

A

biomedical- health and illness are objective biological states and its the individuals responsibility for health. the body is the machine and the doctor is a mechanic.
social- health and illness are social constructions and its social responsibility for health.

35
Q

what are some of the limitations of the biomedical knowledge

A

the focus on disease leads to lack of preventative effort.

36
Q

how does the biomedical model address health and illness

A

the belief that science could cure all illness and disease. the diagnosis and explanation of illness is a malfunction of the body’s biological mechanisms.

37
Q

how does the social model address health and illness

A

it examines all the factors which contribute to health such as social, cultural, political and the environment

38
Q

what is the concept of culture

A

the values, assumptions and beliefs shared by a group of people that influence the behaviour of group members

39
Q

what is socialisation

A

the process by which we learn to become members of the society

40
Q

what is primary socialisation

A

the socialisation of infants and young children, occurs within the family

41
Q

what is the difference between nursing someone regardless of their uniqueness and being regard-full of their uniqueness

A

someone regardless of their uniqueness may not care about the method used to take care of them but someone who is regard-full of their uniqueness may ask for certain things or to be cared for in a matter that upholds their beliefs and views.

42
Q

what are factors in nursing that may facilitate or impede culturally safe care

A

facilitate- to understand their culture and make them feel comfortable by accepting their thoughts and asking them if there are things you can do to make sure they are comfortable
impede- Impose your own views about health and illness (ethnocentrism) and then try to control how they are looked after

43
Q

what is biological determinism

A

a belief that individual and group behaviours are the inevitable result of biology

44
Q

what is cultural safety

A

a reflective process on ones own culture background in order to recognise the impact those personal and professional influences can have on professional practice

45
Q

what is the relationship between culture, health and illness

A

how culture influences perceptions and responses to health and illness

46
Q

what are beliefs

A

peoples convictions about what is true in the world- what exists, how things work and how they relate to one another

47
Q

what are some of the central beliefs of NZ society

A
  • egalitarianism- the principle of equal rights
  • social responsibility- moral responsibility to help others
  • gendered society- social relations are structured and understood through the prism of gender
  • government intervention- not left to the individual conscience
48
Q

what are the origins of belief systems

A

scientific- science is a sceptical belief system where nothing is accepted as true without proof or evidence
religious- faith based belief system where god/ gods/ spiritual begins are accepted without question

49
Q

what is popular health care

A

the methods and practices of non specialised members of society, and this includes family decision making and the home remedies that would be common practice in that culture

50
Q

what are some key characteristics of religion

A
  • symbols and rituals that express basic understanding of the world
  • expression on dependence on a power outside of self
  • a form of social control
  • a social phenomenon
51
Q

what is secularisation

A

the process through which the influence of religion is removed from many institutes in society and dispersed into private and personal realms
the growth of science and technology has played an important role in the declining influence of religion

52
Q

what is religion

A

a collectively held set of symbols and rituals that express a basic understanding of the world, especially its sacred dimension and addresses. the ultimate concerns of the meaning of human existence

53
Q

simple vs complex societies

A

simple- beliefs are well integrated and stable. beliefs are based on myth and folklore
modern complex- beliefs can change rapidly. people are more critical. scientific and religious beliefs allow for competing ideologies

54
Q

Durkheim (functionalism) on religion

A
  • defined as a unified system of beliefs and practices relative to sacred things
  • religion occurs through separation of ordinary and sacred
55
Q

weber on religion

A
  • believed precipitator for social change

- observed protestants motivated for material gain, encouraged believers to work hard, be successful and to save profit

56
Q

Marx (conflict theory) on religion

A
  • argues religion is the opium of the people
  • believed religion reflected the social stratification of society
  • maintains inequality while maintain status quo
57
Q

what is religion

A

a collectively held set of symbols and rituals that express a basic understanding of the world, especially its sacred dimension and addresses the ultimate concerns of the meaning of human existence

  • a universal social institution
  • a system of rituals and symbols
  • a social glue
  • a form of social control
58
Q

what are the three religious organisations (church, sect and cult)

A

church- a religious organisation that is recognised and socially accepted
sect- a smaller, less formally organised religious group whose members reject some element of the larger society
cult- a small, loosely organised group typically held together by a charismatic figure

59
Q

what are the 5 major world religions and a bit about what they believe in

A

hinduism- they believe in the continuous cycle of life, death and reincarnation. They believe that if you do your life duty you will be reincarnated to a higher position
Judaism- there is only one god that is yahweh. god created the universe and he controls it and that he is spiritual and not physical
buddhism- they believe in reincarnation and do not believe in any kind of god- they focus on personal spiritual development
christianity- catholics share with christians a belief in jesus christ who came to earth to redeem humanity’s sins through his death and resurrection
islamic- they pray 5 times a day and have a month of ramadan. the belief that god has no offspring, no race, no gender, no body and is unaffected by characteristics of human life

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