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module one Flashcards

1
Q

definition of ethnocentrism

A

seeing your own culture as the correct way of living, you are superior compared to others

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2
Q

what are some examples of ethnocentrism

A

assuming your ‘normal’ is also normal to someone else. some cultures name colours differently to us. some cultures do not have a time frame so if they are late we think they are lazy and slack but it is because a time frame doesn’t exist to them.

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3
Q

what impact does ethnocentrism have on our attitudes in everyday life

A

it leads to the misunderstanding of others. we can unintentionally offend others, and set up situations that harm others. how do i feel when someone doesn’t recognise my concerns? it promotes an ‘us vs them’ mindset

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4
Q

how does ethnocentrism have an impact on my nursing practice

A

i must be aware that other cultural norms and values will be present when looking after a patient who is another culture than mine. i must acknowledge these and work with the person to ensure that their experience is as good as possible and they receive the best possible outcome.

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5
Q

what are some extreme forms of ethnocentrism

A

racism, colonisation, and ethnic cleansing

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6
Q

definition of cultural imposition

A

when one culture forces their values or beliefs on another culture

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7
Q

definition of non compliance

A

failure or refusal to comply with a wish or command

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8
Q

definition of victim blaming

A

when the victim of a crime is held fully or partially at fault for what happened to them

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9
Q

ethnocentrism flowchart

A

ethnocentrism -> cultural imposition -> non compliance -> victim blaming

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10
Q

what is the importance of sociology

A

it is the scientific study of human life, social groups, whole societies and the human world as such. it is to see why differences exist and how they came about. sociology investigates the connections between what society makes of us and what we make of ourselves and society.

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11
Q

historical timeline

A
  1. Feudalism (god/ church in power)
    - lords had god given right to land. being rich justified religious beliefs
    - middle ages, society organised to provide good on agricultural bases
    - serfs paid lords taxes and farmed the land. poor health and sanitation conditions
  2. Enlightenment (age of reason)
    - power of the church declines, society now to be organised according to the principles of reason
    - theories of disease and illness change
    - enlightenment beliefs (upheld mens rights and denied females, rules of society were organised in the interests of everyone)
  3. Industrial revolution
    - scientific revolution, biomedical model, shift in ideology around religion
    - increase technology, steam engine/ printing press- mechanisation of labor
    - urban shift for paid work, relocation created major social problems and poverty
  4. Capitalism (Marx conflict theory)
    - pursuit of profit by the rich at the expense of the poor
    - created a class system (upper/ middle/ lower/ underclass/ new poor)
    - bourgeoisie (capitalist class who owns most of society’s wealth) and proletariat (working class people)
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12
Q

history of sociology

A
  • august comte in 1842 coined term sociology

- defined; the systemic study of human society

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13
Q

what is society

A

a group of people bound by territory, culture, language, values and basic norms of behaviour

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14
Q

key events in the development of sociology

A
  • industrial revolution- feudal system replaced by industrialisation
  • folkways- traditional knowledge and practices are those which are passed down through generations
  • rapid changes due to the industrial revolution significantly impacted upon folkways
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15
Q

what is social theory

A

to ponder or to construct abstract interpretations to look for meaning to explain situations

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16
Q

August comte (1798-1857) french philosopher historical theorist

A
  • to develop a science which could discover the laws of the social world in order to improve welfare of humanity.
    argued 3 stages
  • theological- society way, expression of gods will
  • metaphysical- society seen in natural vs supernatural
  • positivist- laws of natural science
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17
Q

Emile Durkheim (1858-1917) historical theorist

A
  • study of suicide rates (religion, marriage, divorce and social class)
  • functionalism- a framework for building theory that sees society as a complex system whose parts work together to promote solidarity and stability
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18
Q

Karl Marx (1818- 1883) historical theorist

A
  • capitalism- class conflict between owners and workers
  • theorised workers would lead a revolution which would alleviate the conflict created by unequal distribution of power/ resources
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19
Q

Max Weber (1864-1920) historical theorist

A
  • rationalisation- not focused on class but rather social action
  • social action- the subjectively meaningful actions of people that are oriented towards others
  • moving away from traditional beliefs
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20
Q

functionalism vs conflict theory

A

functionalism
- importance of moral consensus in maintaining order and stability
- minimises social inequalities (class, gender, race)
conflict theory
- importance of social structures, highlighting divisions in society which contribute to power, inequality and competition
- assumes human nature is generally goodby corrupted by society, thinks once domination is eliminated people will begin to cooperate

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21
Q

Sylvia walby- feminism contemporary theorist

A
  • dual systems theory
  • explored gender inequalities and oppression of women by men through 6 interrelated categories
    household production, paid employment, the state, violence, sexuality, cultural institutions
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22
Q

Judith Butler contemporary theorist

A
  • gender trouble
  • gender performativity- the way in which gender is performed and produced through our everyday actions, rather than being based in the body
  • queer theory
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23
Q

explain the differences between common sense and sociology

A

sociology provides explanations about all manner of social events and processes. common sense is a set of commonly shared ideas that we use in everyday life.

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24
Q

what is the sociological imagination

A

a term used to describe the sociological approach to analysing social issues

25
historical dimension sociological imagination
- how an issue today has been shaped by the past and the differences between the past and present.
26
cultural dimension sociological imagination
- examines the impact of culture on our lives | - culture is how we live our lives
27
structural dimension sociological imagination
- the way society is organized shapes our lives
28
critical dimension of sociological imagination
- asks us to think about how things could be otherwise. what currently exists and how can we improve the current state of affairs
29
how does the sociological imagination gives us a wider understanding of social issues
it allows us to make more self aware decisions rather than be swayed by social norms
30
what are social determinants of health
the economic, social and cultural factors that directly and indirectly influence individual and population health
31
C.W. Mills
- defined the sociological imagination identified 3 steps to develop a more sociological way of thinking 1. what is the structure of society as a whole 2. where does this society stand in human history 3. what varieties of women and men now prevail in this society and period
32
personal troubles vs public issues
personal troubles - a trouble is a private matter - has to do with the self and the areas of social life of which an individual is personally aware public issues - an issue is a public matter - has to do with the matter which transcend the individuals local environment and the range of their inner life
33
what are the implications of social Darwinist philosophy in relation to every day interactions with people
- that white skinned people are superior and the further the person was from having white skin the more inferior that person was deemed to be. - not only skin but physical attributes to such as shape of the skull
34
charles Darwin- biological darwinism
- natural selection - individuals with the improved characteristics produced the most offspring. the species that do survive, do so, because they are best fitted to their surroundings. - his theory of human evolution is a biological evolutionary theory.
35
whats the impact that social darwinist attitudes have on the delivery of nursing care
people can look down on others based on their skin colour and their physical appearance. a patient may not respect the nurse taking care of them or the nurse may not treat a patient with proper care and respect because they think they are inferior to them
36
herbert spencer- social darwinism
- survival of the fittest - a struggle for survival between people, ideas etc the 'best' is selected a philosophy which dominated both scientific and popular thinking on race relations in the later half of the 20th century. it justified exploitation and slavery
37
what is institutional racism
a pattern of differential access to material resources and power determined by race, which advantages one sector of the population while disadvantaging another
38
how can institutional racism impact child health in new zealand
racism may impact on the health of children through the distribution of social determinants of health and health damaging exposures, such as inequitable access to safe, healthy housing and adequate living standards. racially motivated harassment and violence may affect children's health. experience of racism during pregnancy have health outcomes on the mother and baby.
39
what is race
a term without scientific bases that uses skin colour and facial features to describe what are alleged to be biologically distinct groups of humans. - there is no significant genetic difference between races - labelling occurs based on inherited physical characteristics
40
what is ethnicity
a term refers to a shared cultural background which is a characteristic of all groups in society a population that is marked out by its everyday way of life, its language, nationality, religion and customs
41
timeline of race
- entered western language over the 13th-16th centuries. thought of to be populations that were composed of fixed, unchanging racial types - 1600s race was connected to descent and lineage - 1700s the world meaning was affiliated with cultural groups - 1800s scientists have viewed human races as subdivisions of homo Sapiens based on different phenotype or ancestral geographic beginnings - 1900s dissimilarities in the frequency of specific genes were added to the list of criteria by which to distinguish among the various subspecies
42
what is anthropology
identification of three distinct and seperate groups - caucasoid - mongoloid - negroid some people don't fit into these groups and there are no 'pure' races left
43
what is eugenics
the study of how to arrange reproduction within a human population to increase the occurrence of heritable characteristics regarded as desirable.
44
what is phrenology
the detailed study of the shape and size of the cranium as a supposed indication of character and mental abilities.
45
culture vs ethnicity
culture- the values, assumptions and beliefs shared by a group of people that influence the behaviour of group members ethnicity- self ascribed cultural and linguistic characteristics of a group claiming common origin
46
define homelessness in new Zealand
homelessness is having no other options to acquire safe and secure housing
47
what are the 4 categories of homelessness
1. without shelter- no shelter or makeshift shelter. living on the street or in shacks or cars 2. temporary accommodation- overnight shelter or 24 hour accommodation in a non private dwelling not intended for long time use 3. sharing accomodation- temporary accomodation for people through sharing someone else's private dwelling 4. uninhabitable housing- run down dwellings where people reside
48
what are the links between current housing situation and health outcomes
people living without any shelter are highly susceptible to potentially severe health problems such as poor dental and foot health, sexually transmitted diseases, liver disease, pneumonia, skin diseases and malnutrition. also mental health issues such as social isolation, violence, suicide, substance abuse and dependence
49
what is safe and secure housing as a determinant of health and the various disease manifestation
it ensures you live in a safe, warm home so you are less likely to pick up on diseases, infections and have health problems. also less likely to become addicted to alcohol and drugs or be a victim of violence as you would if you lived on the streets.
50
what is colonisation
a process by which one nation imposes itself economically, politically and socially upon another
51
what is dispossession
the removal of people from land which they regard as their own
52
the process of colonisation of a country
1. change the population balance between coloniser and colonised - introduction of novel disease - military campaigns - immigration - murder - intermarriage 2. impose new institutions of the coloniser - economic - religious - education - health - values, norms, life ways, customs 3. destroy indigenous soul - denigrate the culture and religious beliefs - destroy language - destroy tribal relationships - forbid custom, norma, mores and life ways
53
what are the effects of racism on a colonised group
their traditional life ways were attacked, they had to accomodate to a new world in which they were made to feel inferior.
54
what is exploitation
the action of treating someone poorly and unfairly in order to benefit from their work
55
what is capitalism
an economic and political system in which a country's trade and industry are controlled by private owners for profit, rather than by the state.
56
how is colonisation accomplished
- extermination - disease - enslavement - child abduction - heathens to christians - paternalism - introduction of literacy
57
the industrial revolution was a major factor in converting some philosophers into sociologists because the rise of technology led to..
widespread social upheaval and change
58
how does A.G. Franks explain what metropole and satellite are
metropole- the developed country | satellite- the undeveloped country

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