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Random > Module one: Cells as the Basis of Life > Flashcards

Module one: Cells as the Basis of Life Flashcards

1
Q

the cell membrane is…

A

a membrane that surrounds cells

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2
Q

the purpose of the cell membrane is to…

A

allow the cell to exchange material between the cells internal and external environment

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3
Q

the cell membrane is composed of a…

A

phospholipid bilayer made up of hydrophobic tails (lipids) and hydrophilic heads (phosphate group)

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4
Q

what are integral proteins?

A

integral proteins are specific proteins that water-soluble substances pass through. They can be permanent or temporary

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5
Q

what are peripheral proteins?

A

proteins with a carbohydrate group which allows for cells to communicate about what is requires and needs to remove. Individual cell types have their own proteins recognized by the immune system (flags).

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6
Q

what is diffusion?

A

a form of passive transport which involves the movement of any molecules from an area of high concentration to low concentration until equilibrium is reached.

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7
Q

If there is a greater difference in concentration of substances, there is a…

A

steeper concentration gradient, therefore faster diffusion

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8
Q

carrier proteins are…

A

a transport protein for specific solutes, moving them from one side of a membrane to the other

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9
Q

channel proteins are…

A

a type of transport protein which lets water molecules or small ions through (aquaporins)

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10
Q

osmosis is…

A

the net movement of solvent molecules form a region of high solvent concentration to a region of low solvent concentration through a semi-permeable membrane.

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11
Q

the cell swells if there is…

A

a high concentration of water outside the cell

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12
Q

the cell shrinks if there is…

A

a low concentration of water outside

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13
Q

isotonic

A

when fluids inside and outside the cell are of equal solute concentration

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14
Q

the external solution is hypertonic…

A

when a cell is surrounded by a solution that has lower solute concentration than their cytoplasm

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15
Q

the external solution is hypotonic…

A

when a cell is surrounded by a solution of higher solute concentration

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16
Q

active transport

A

the movement of molecules from a region of low concentration to high concentration which requires energy input, making it movement against the concentration gradient

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17
Q

endocytosis is…

A

the process by which large particles move into the cell with the help of the cell membrane

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18
Q

phagocytosis is…

A

when a particle is engulfed by membrane and material is digested (eating)

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19
Q

pinocytosis is…

A

when cell membrane engulfs liquid containing dissolved molecules

20
Q

receptor-mediated endocytosis is…

A

pinocytosis which is manipulated by protein receptors on the cell membrane

21
Q

when there is a high concentration gradient, substances diffuse _____

A

rapidly

22
Q

when there is a low concentration gradient, substances diffuse _____

A

slowly

23
Q

uncharged molecules penetrate the cell membrane ___

A

easily

24
Q

charged molecules require ____, allowing for them to penetrate cell membrane

A

channel proteins specific the the ion as they can’t cross the hydrophobic centre of cell membrane

25
Q

factors affecting diffusion include…

A

concentration gradient, characteristics of materials (chemical and physical), SA to volume ratio

26
Q

small molecules ____ diffuse across cell membrane

A

easily

27
Q

large molecules are transported across cell membrane by…

A

endocytosis or exocytosis

28
Q

SA to volume ratio

A

It is an evolutionary advantage to have smaller cells, as they have a higher surface to volume ratio

29
Q

high SA to volume ration means…

A

the distance a substance has to travel to reach the centre of a cell decreases, causing faster movement

30
Q

enzymes

A

proteins that control all metabolic reactions in living cells. They are catalysts and control the rate of reaction in cells

31
Q

metabolism

A

the sum of all chemical reactions occurring within a living organism which requires a specific enzyme

32
Q

catalyst

A

a substance which speeds up a chemical reaction by lowering the active energy required

33
Q

enzymes are composed of…

A

protein molecules that are highly folded to create a specific shape on the active site

34
Q

substrate

A

the reactant with enzyme

35
Q

active site

A

where the reactants (substrates) in a reaction bind

36
Q

enzyme+substrate

A

substrate-enzymes complex

37
Q

true or false: when a reaction is finished, energy is released from the active site

A

true

38
Q

after a reaction, the enzyme…

A

remains unchanged and is available for the same process to occur

39
Q

lock and key model

A

the way in which an enzyme functions where the active site is rigid and the substrate fits in exactly

40
Q

induced fit model

A

the way in which an enzyme functions where the active site is flexible and binding of substrate induces enzyme to alter shape slightly

41
Q

factors that influence enzyme activity include

A

temperature, pH and substrate concentration

42
Q

high temperature and enzyme activity

A

enzymes best function at the body temperature of an organism. At high temperatures, the active site of enzyme changes shape (denatures)

43
Q

low temperature and enzyme activity

A

at low temperatures, the enzyme changes shape and its functioning slows down or stops (often reversible)

44
Q

pH and enzyme activity

A

enzymes have a limited range of pH in which they function optimally and anything outside of this will cause denaturing. Most will function at pH 7.

45
Q

substrate concentration

A

the higher the substrate concentration, the higher efficiency until all available enzymes are used up AKA saturation point

46
Q

embedded protein

A

help certain substances such as amino acids to cross the membrane

47
Q

facilitated diffusion

A

the passive transport of molecules or ions across a membrane via specific proteins

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