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Random > Module 3 and module 4 > Flashcards

Module 3 and module 4 Flashcards

1
Q

habitat

A

a place where an organism lives

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2
Q

population

A

all members of a single species living together in a habitat

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3
Q

community

A

all the populations of different organisms living together in a habitat

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4
Q

ecosystem

A

a community of animals, plants and organisms together including the physical environment

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5
Q

abiotic factors

A

non-living features of an environment

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6
Q

biotic factors

A

living features of an environment

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7
Q

terrestrial ecosystems include

A

desert, grassland, tropical rainforest, woodland

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8
Q

aquatic ecosystems

A

saltwater, marine

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9
Q

biotic factors include

A

food availability, predators, decomposers, diseases, availability of mates

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10
Q

abiotic factors include

A

water availability, temperature, soil pH, wind, humidity, altitude, light intensity

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11
Q

selection pressures

A

things that push an organism to survive.

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12
Q

a change in environment results in

A

limited resources, therefore individuals compete for resources

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13
Q

extremophiles

A

organisms that live in extreme environments

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14
Q

population

A

a group of organisms of the same species living in an area at the same time

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15
Q

ecology

A

the study of interrelationships of organisms with eachother and the environment which in turn determines their distribution and abundance.

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16
Q

The three interactions between species includes

A

predation, competition and symbiotic relationships

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17
Q

predation

A

prey relationship where predator obtains food by killing and eating

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18
Q

competition

A

when two or more organism use the same resources (directly)

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19
Q

symbiotic relationship

A

interaction between two organisms in a close relationship that is beneficial to one of them

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20
Q

obligate

A

when one species relies entirely on another

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21
Q

facultative

A

a non-essential but beneficial relationship between species

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22
Q

different types of symbiotic relationships

A

mutualism, commenalism, parasitism

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23
Q

mutualism

A

both species in a relationship benefit eg. clownfish and anemone, coral and algae

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24
Q

commensalism

A

one species benefits and the other is unaffected eg. barnacles and whales

25
Q

parasitism

A

one species benefits and the other suffers non-lethal damage (usually) eg. mosquito, tape worm

26
Q

different types of competition

A

intraspecific, interspecific

27
Q

intraspecific

A

between the same species

28
Q

interspecific

A

between different species which can lead to evolution of one species in response to another

29
Q

allelopathy

A

the production of biomolecules by one plant which can be beneficial/detrimental to another plant.

30
Q

niche

A

part of an ecosystem that an organism contributes or uses including abiotic and biotic factors.

31
Q

photosynthesis

A

occurs in two phases: the light dependent and light independent phase

32
Q

light dependent phase (light phase)

A

occurs in the grana of the chloroplast. Water is split in the presence of solar energy and chlorophyll into hydrogen and oxygen, also producing ATP.

water ——} hydrogen ions + oxygen + ATP

33
Q

light independent phase (dark phase AKA calvin cycle)

A

occurs in the stroma of the chloroplast which produces glucose, water, and ADP which doesn’t require solar energy. ATP made in stage one provides energy from dark reactions.

hydrogen ions + ATP + carbon dio. –} glucose + water + ADP

34
Q

the two major biochemical processes that cells carry out are

A

photosynthesis and cellular respiration

35
Q

importance of energy

A

energy is required for all essential life processes to take place. All cells use glucose as the primary source of energy to drive chemical reactions in cells.

36
Q

how glucose can be broken down

A

aerobic respiration in the presence of oxygen where 36 ATP’s are produced and is more efficient. Anaerobic respiration without the presence of oxygen where only 2 ATP’s are produced.

37
Q

two types of anaerobic respiration

A

lactic acid and alcoholic fermentation

38
Q

cellular respiration

A

Glucose + oxygen —-} carbon dio. + water + ATP

39
Q

distribution

A

the area in which an organism is found

40
Q

abundance

A

the number of given individuals of species in an area

41
Q

the most suitable sampling techniques for an organism depends on

A
  1. type of organism (plant/animal, fast/slow moving, robust/delicate)
  2. environment it lives (aquatic, terrestrial)
  3. type of distribution (regular/clumped)
42
Q

transects

A

techniques used to measure the distribution of species in an ecosystem commonly used to give an idea of variation. It is a narrow strip that crosses the entire area being studied, from one side to another.

Single transect lines may have quadrats placed and counted at regular intervals along the line

43
Q

belt transect

A

two transect lines made to create a strip in which organisms are counted.

44
Q

plant abundance

A

measured by counting the number of organisms in a small area to be expressed as a percentage. If organisms are too numerous and scattered, percentage cover isn’t suitable

45
Q

quadrats

A

A randomly chosen square plot of land (usually 1x1) to determine the percentage of vegetation and animals occurring within the marked area. Direct counts or percentage cover is made within the quadrat.

46
Q

capture-recapture method

A

may be suitable for moving animals. The steps include:
1. sample of species is captured, counted, tagged/marked, and then released
2. mixing time is allowed with the population
3. recapture and count the second sample, specifically count the number of tagged animals in the recaptured sample
5. abundance is calculated using the following formula
abundance= number captured*no. recaptured/no. marked in capture

47
Q

sampling techniques

A

transects, plant abundance, capture-recapture

48
Q

food chains

A

show energy flow within a system. They start with a plant that is consumed by an animal and usually have 3-5 species.

producer — primary consumer/1st order consumer —etc..

49
Q

decomposers

A

things that cause the breaking down or rotting away. They can include fungus and bacteria, as well as earthworms

50
Q

producers

A

produce their own food using carbon dioxide and water

51
Q

consumers

A

eat other living things (can be herbivores, carnivores, omni)

52
Q

food web

A

a series of food chains all connected to each other. Plants are eaten by a variety of consumer animals and then those animals may be eaten by a variety of different carnivores.

53
Q

Prickly Pear: distribution

A

was introduced to Australia because the conchineal dye industry was to be started in Australia and is considered to be a pest because it is:
- easily propagated
- very invasive

54
Q

how the Prickly Pear was removed

A

The Prickly Pear Travelling Commission discovered that the cactoblastis moth larvae could eat through hectares of prickly pear-infected land. The lack of biodiversity in the prickly pear population allowed for the larvae to eat through the plants before they could adapt.

55
Q

Cane Toads: changing populations

A

introduced in 1935 to control pest beetle populations in Queensland’s sugar cane crops. Characteristics which allow for their thriving population as a pest includes:
- can lay 30 000 eggs at one which hatch in 2-3 days
- feed mainly at night
- no known predators

56
Q

how Cane Toads have caused native species to evolve in response

A

Red Bellied Black Snake: their heads are getting smaller because larger cane toads produce more poison. Snakes with larger heads would die because they ate larger ones.

Quolls (birds): Quoll populations have reduced because they have eaten the toads, but the Northern Quolls are toad adverse which is advantageous as it increases their chance of survival. Scientists have used the Quolls characteristic of prudence to achieve toad avoidance

57
Q

Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection

A

Darwin observed small ground finches on the Galapagos island and collected some to bring back to England. Darwin noticed that the finches’ beaks were different and wondered if they originated from an original population in Mainland South America that had changed.

58
Q

Darwin’s evidence for his theory

A
  • some South American finches had landed in the Galapagos
  • finches had naturally occurring variation in population
  • descendants of these birds populated other islands with different environmental conditions
  • depending on the conditions, some birds thrived and reproduced, which others died out
    Today, his theory is known as ‘survival of the fittest’
59
Q

five principles of Darwin’s theory

A
  • adaptations (thumb)
  • movement related to gene flow (pointer finger)
  • mutation (middle finger)
  • mating (ring finger)
  • shrinking population (pinky finger)

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