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NURS2000 > Module One > Flashcards

Module One Flashcards

1
Q

WHO definition of health

A

A complete state of physical, mental and social wellbeing, and not simply the absence of disease or infirmity
Broader biopsychosocial focus showing health influenced by interaction of biological, psychological and social factors

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2
Q

What are psychological factors

A

beliefs, fears, unconscious drives, feelings

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3
Q

What are social factors

A

social disadvantage resulting from environment, cultural and political structures

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4
Q

What is the biomedical perspective of health

A
  • The presence or absence of disease, pathogens, illness and/or symptoms
  • Maintenance of homeostasis
  • An illness-based model
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5
Q

Lists strengths of the biomedical model

A

Reduction and control communicable diseases through antibiotics and vaccinations
Restoration of traumatic and diseased organs through surgery

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6
Q

List emerging issues of biomedical model

A

Cost
Antibiotic resistant
Iatrogenesis
Increase chronic diseases

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7
Q

Critiques biomedical model

A

Cure rather than prevention or restorative/palliative care
Pathologises normal human experiences e.g. child birth, ageing, loss and grief
Ignores lifestyle, social, political, environmental factors

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8
Q

What are the priority health areas in Australia from chronic disease

A 
Cancer
Cardiovascular disease
Mental health 
Diabetes
Asthma 
Arthritis & musculoskeletal conditions 
Obesity
Dementia 
Injury prevention and control (the only non-chronic condition)
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9
Q

What is a health behaviour

A

Actions that enhance, maintain or threaten an individual’s health e.g. abstaining from smoking, drinking and driving

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10
Q

What is a health habit

A

Health behaviours that are regular practice e.g. regularly cleaning teeth

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11
Q

What is health lifestyle

A

The cluster of health behaviours that together may support or affect long-term health e.g. diet, sleep, hygiene, exercise

Behaviours become habits which become a lifestyle

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12
Q

Define multidisciplinary

A

Teams utilise the skills and experience of individuals from different disciplines, approaching patient from their own perspective

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13
Q

Define interdisciplinary

A

Teams work collectively towards mutually agreed goals (would include the patient’s family, consideration of their home life, etc.)

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14
Q

Define interdisciplinary knowledge

A

Draws on knowledge from a range of disciplines to provide holistic care

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15
Q

What is behavioural psychology

A

Proposed by Watson in 1913
Behaviourism
Looks for the influence in the environment in shaping behaviour i.e. the behaviour is learned
Drew on work from Pavlov (classical conditioning) and later, associated with work of Skinner (operant conditioning)

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16
Q

Explain classical conditioning

A

Describes relationship between stimulus and response
Learned behaviour resulting from association
E.g. phobias and fears are likely the result of classical conditioning (external stimuli)

4 components:

  1. Unconditioned stimulus
  2. Unconditioned response
  3. Conditioned stimulus
  4. Conditioned response
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17
Q

Explain operant conditioning

A

Learning through consequences (instrumental learning)

Behaviour (+ or -) that is rewarded will increase in frequency
Behaviour (+ or -) that is unrewarded will decrease in frequency

18
Q

What are the critiques of behavioural psychology

A

Most research conducted on animals in labs
Deterministic
Therapies derived from behavioural theories could be unethical/manipulative (e.g. Watson’s experiment on baby Alfred – purposely making him fearful/cry)
Ignores influence of knowledge and motivation
Ignores intrinsic human qualities – creativity and altruism

19
Q

Explain psychoanalytic theory

A

Freud
How the mind influences physical development
Divided into:
Super Ego - contains learned morals and rules of society
Ego - mediates between ID and super ego
ID - associated with unconscious thought, innate sexual and aggressive instincts

20
Q

What does Freud say mental health problems are associated with

A

a failure to move through 5 stages of development in early childhood: oral, anal, phallic, latent and genital

21
Q

What are Freud’s unconscious mechanisms for mediating anxiety that arise from the ego

A 
Repression 
Regression
Denial
Projection
Sublimation 
Displacement 
Rationalisation 
Intellectualisation/isolation 
Reaction formation
22
Q

Critiques of psychoanalytic theory

A

Limited evidence base
Early theories developed from ideographic approach (individuals predominantly middle-class women)
Theories are deterministic (behaviour explained by innate drives and reductionist)
Feminists object to his hypothesis that women view their bodies as inferior to men (phallic phase if development)

23
Q

Explain cognitive psychology

A 
Situation --> feelings --> thoughts = behaviour 
Involves: 
Self-efficacy 
Negative schema
Positive psychology
Consequences
24
Q

What is self-efficacy

A

belief that one can achieve goals (Bandura)

25
Q

What is negative schema

A

(cognitive distortion) e.g. learned hopelessness from an experience or situation (Beck)

26
Q

What is positive psychology

A

(learned optimism) change from passivity to control (Seligman)

27
Q

What are consequences

A

do not have to be directly experienced for learning to occur (challenges behaviourism)

28
Q

Critiques of cognitive psychology

A

It is practical & can be self-administered under directions of qualified therapist (e.g. cognitive behavior therapy sch as interpersonal therapy)

Thoughts, feelings and behaviours are interdependent, not uni-directional (cycle can be broken at any point e.g. study procrastination)
Criticised for being unscientific – mental processes can’t be observed

29
Q

What is humanistic psychology

A

Grounded in philosophy – existentialism (human free will and agency/value)
Involves:
Carl Rogers Person Centred Approach
Person-centred care philosophy for health care
Maslow’s categories of human need

30
Q

What is Carl Rogers Person-centred approach

A

Premised on:
Empathy (ability to understand what a client is feeling)
Unconditional positive regard (non-judgemental)
Congruence (genuineness; presence in relationship)

31
Q

What is person-centred care

A

Philosophy for health care

32
Q

What is Maslow’s categories of human need

A

Human behaviour is motivated by drive for self-actualisation (fundamental needs (eat, drink, excrete, etc., psychological needs, self-actualisation needs)
Does not suggest the drive is unidirectional

33
Q

Critiques of human psychology

A

Appeal is in its positive approach to the human condition
Focus is on human thriving and growth, not disorders
Like psychoanalysis and cognitive therapies, cannot be tested empirically
Is descriptive rather than explanatory

34
Q

What is personality type A

A

(competitive, hostile) – believed to be predictive of heart disease, however, research found no significant relationship

35
Q

What is personality type D

A

high level negative affectivity or mood (e.g. anger) and high social inhibition is predictive of poor prognosis of cardiac disease

36
Q

What is resilience

A

ability to withstand and overcome adversity e.g. children who survive and thrive in high risk environments including exposure to parents with self-harming behaviours

37
Q

What is Health Locus of Control

A

Developed by Rotter, later applied to health via social learning theory

Beliefs about the reason for or likelihood of health outcomes

38
Q

What is a internal LOC

A

personal behaviour that affects health e.g. belief that one can reduce the chance of having a heart attack by taking actions such as quitting smoking, exercising

39
Q

What is external LOC

A

health is in the hands of experts (“doctors know best”) or health is down to fate and chance (e.g. genetics)

40
Q

List approaches to psychology from nature to nurture perspective

A 
Biomedical/biological
Psychoanalysis 
Cognitive 
Humanism 
Behaviorism
41
Q

How does interdisciplinary practice use psychology theories

A

An interdisciplinary approach to chronic care enables the integration of biomedical and psychological approaches

42
Q

How can a health professional apply psychology to health care

A

Identify behaviours that may be damaging e.g. smoking
Promote self-management e.g. exercise, health checks
Improve health literacy and cognition
Improve health care delivery

NURS2000 (4 decks)

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